Chapter 14 Section 3Chapter 14 Section 3

Imperial China Imperial China CollapsesCollapses

1900-1938

Country Bio Country Bio ･･ Population: 1.3 Billion (UN census, 2004) Population: 1.3 Billion (UN census, 2004) ･･ Territory: 3.7 million square miles (a bit larger Territory: 3.7 million square miles (a bit larger

than the U.S.) than the U.S.) ･･ Year of Independence: 221 B.C. Year of Independence: 221 B.C. ･･ Year of Current Constitution: 1982 Year of Current Constitution: 1982 ･･ Language: Mandarin (official language), Language: Mandarin (official language),

Cantonese, Shanghaiese, other dialects, some Cantonese, Shanghaiese, other dialects, some minority languagesminority languages

･･ Religion: Daoism, Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Religion: Daoism, Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1%. Note: Officially Atheist.Christian 1%. Note: Officially Atheist.

Imperial China Imperial China Chinese civilization emerged more than six Chinese civilization emerged more than six

thousand years ago. thousand years ago. Imperial China became the longest-lived major Imperial China became the longest-lived major

political system in world history (ruled for more political system in world history (ruled for more than 2000 years until the fall of the Qing Dynasty than 2000 years until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911) in 1911)

Governed by an emperor and a merit-based Governed by an emperor and a merit-based bureaucracy. bureaucracy.

Imperial China was based on the political Imperial China was based on the political philosophy of philosophy of ﾒﾒ CConfucianismonfucianism ﾓﾓ ..

Fall of the Imperial ChinaFall of the Imperial China

The Qing dynasty could not maintain territorial The Qing dynasty could not maintain territorial integrity (domestic rebellion, foreign economic integrity (domestic rebellion, foreign economic and military encroachment) and military encroachment)

Began to crumble in mid-19thcentury.Began to crumble in mid-19thcentury. The Republic founded in 1912 could not restore The Republic founded in 1912 could not restore

order, collapsed in a few years. order, collapsed in a few years. Regional warlords with personal armies Regional warlords with personal armies

competed for control of the territory. competed for control of the territory. four decades of upheaval and continuous four decades of upheaval and continuous

warfare.warfare.

China at the beginning of China at the beginning of the 1900s?the 1900s?China’s trade, resources and China’s trade, resources and economy was under foreign economy was under foreign control at the beginning of control at the beginning of the 1900s.the 1900s.

Different views of the Different views of the Chinese who wanted to Chinese who wanted to regain control of their regain control of their country?country?

A.) Some Chinese believed A.) Some Chinese believed that that China’s greatness lay in China’s greatness lay in its its traditional ways.traditional ways.

They feared change.They feared change.

B.) Others believed that B.) Others believed that modernization and nationalism was modernization and nationalism was key to China’s survival.key to China’s survival.They wanted to build a strong They wanted to build a strong military, modern factories and military, modern factories and reform education. reform education.

China’s Last Emperor

the Chinese Nationalist the Chinese Nationalist Party that pushed for Party that pushed for modernization and modernization and nationalization-nationalization-KuomintangKuomintang

(Kwoh-mihn-TANG)(Kwoh-mihn-TANG)

the leader of the Nationalist Party?

Sun Yixian(Soon yee-shyahn)

Considered the Father of Modern China

Sun Yixian’s background Sun Yixian’s background and plansand plans

Background-Background-

Plan-Plan-

Successful Successful or Not-or Not-

* Yixian, a trained physician, spent time in the U.S. and was influenced by the west.* Leader of the Kuomintang-became

president of the Republic of China.

•Promoted the 3 Principles –

•1. nationalism, end of foreign control

•2. people’s rights guaranteed, democracy

•3. livelihood, economic growth

* Led overthrow of Qing Dynasty- * Couldn’t secure national unity,

lacked authority and military support-

Yuan Shikai’s background Yuan Shikai’s background and plans for the future of and plans for the future of

China ?China ?Background- Background- EventsEvents * Yixian turned over the presidency of China to Shikai, a powerful military general.* Shikai betrayed democratic principles of the revolution when he ruled as a military dictator.* Betrayal led to chaos and civil war.* Shikai dies in 1917.* Death led to continuous chaosespecially between Kuomintang andWarlords-* Peasants suffered dramatically-

World War IWorld War I, Effects, Effects

* As an Allied power, Chinadeclared war on Germany.* After WWI, China hoped thatcontrol of China would bereturned to the Chinese.

* European leaders gave territories and privileges that once belonged to Germany to Japan.* Anger led to outrage of the west & Japanese boycotts-* Demonstrations led to May Fourth Movement and turned many against Sun and western democracy in favor of Lenin’s communism-* Chinese had a commitment of establishing a strong China

8. How was Mao Zedong 8. How was Mao Zedong able to become China’s able to become China’s greatest revolutionary greatest revolutionary

leader? leader? Background-Background-

Plan-Plan-

* Mao was an educator/librarian that supported the intellectuals against western ideals after WWI and the Treaty of Versailles.

* Mao was a founders of the Communist Party in China.

* Mao develops his ownbrand of communism andbefriends Lenin of Russia.

* Mao allies the KuomintangNationalists & Communists for a common goal* Mao’s brand of communism is especially attractive to Chinese peasants that were the majority of the population

Mao Zedong

9. What caused the 9. What caused the Kuomintang and the Kuomintang and the

Communists to clash? What Communists to clash? What were their differences?were their differences?* After Sun dies- Jiang Jieshi leads the * After Sun dies- Jiang Jieshi leads the

KuomingtangKuomingtang

* Jiang, the son of a middle class banker * Jiang, the son of a middle class banker differs over Communist economic ideas – no differs over Communist economic ideas – no socialism socialism Supported by the middle class, not peasantsSupported by the middle class, not peasants

• Jiang becomes president of Nationalist Jiang becomes president of Nationalist Republic of China. China is recognized by US Republic of China. China is recognized by US and Britain as aand Britain as anew nationnew nation

* Jiang’s government is corrupt & less* Jiang’s government is corrupt & lessdemocratic democratic

* Jiang turns against the Communists* Jiang turns against the Communistsand many are slaughtered in Shanghaiand many are slaughtered in Shanghai

* Civil War erupts after the massacre and* Civil War erupts after the massacre andleads The Communists on the Long Marchleads The Communists on the Long March

Jiang Jieshi or Chiang

Kai-shek

May Fourth Movement -1919Tiananmen Square

Mao addressing the people

Mao and Jiang before the clash of ideals

10. Describe the Long March 10. Describe the Long March of the Communists.of the Communists.* The Long March began

after the massacre ofcommunists in Shanghai.* Mao and his followersstarted a 6,000 milesjourney through China,keeping one step ahead the of the Nationalists.

* Along the journey, Mao increased the size of his army and support among the peasants. Many deaths-

* While the civil war raged in

China, the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1937.

•

Chinese Communists Long March

11. Why was 11. Why was the Chinese the Chinese

Civil WarCivil Wartemporarily temporarily suspended?suspended?

* In 1937, the Japanese * In 1937, the Japanese invade invade China and thousands of China and thousands of

Chinese are killed.Chinese are killed.* By 1938, Japan controls * By 1938, Japan controls

large large areas of China.areas of China.• Jiang’s Nationalists and Mao’s Communists Jiang’s Nationalists and Mao’s Communists create an uneasy truce to fight the Japanese create an uneasy truce to fight the Japanese threat threat

• * The fighting and invasion of China brings * The fighting and invasion of China brings the onsetthe onsetof World War IIof World War II

Chinese soldiers on the march!

After Japanese bombing, a Chinese baby is left alone on the tracks. -Life Magazine

Japanese Flag