Chapter 14 – Mendelian Genetics. Blending vs. Particulate Theory of Inheritance Traits of...
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Transcript of Chapter 14 – Mendelian Genetics. Blending vs. Particulate Theory of Inheritance Traits of...
Chapter 14 –
Mendelian Genetics
Blending vs. Particulate Theory of Inheritance
Traits of offspring were a “blend” of the parental traits.
Infer over time, populations begin to look uniform and look alike
Mendel observed that genes retain their separate identities
Over time, populations do not become uniform
Often traits that seemed to have “disappeared” would reappear in subsequent generations
His observations lead to what’s now accepted as the Particulate Theory of inheritance
Vocabulary Review
Trait: Characteristic of an organism
Ex. Plant Height
Allele: Different forms of a gene responsible for different traits
Ex. T = Tall t = short
Genotype = Genetic make-up of characteristics represented by 2 alleles in diploid organisms
Phenotype = expressed trait, based on the genotype
TT or Tt tt
Tall Short
Homozygous = When both alleles of the genotype are the same
Heterozygous = When both alleles of the genotype are different
(Hybrid)
TT tt
Tt
P = Parental Generation
F1 = 1st Filial Generation
F2 = 2nd Filial Generation
X T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
X T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotypic Ratio of monohybrid cross
1:2:1
Phenoytypic Ratio of monohybrid cross:
3:1
Single-Factor Crosses
Memorize these ratios!
Two Factor Crosses (2 traits)
X
Y = yellow, y = green R = Round, r = wrinkled
RrYyX
RrYyDihybrid Cross
Memorize these ratios!
Test CrossesIf a plant has a dominant phenotype, (for example yellow seeds) and
we are unsure of its genotype (YY, or Yy), you can determine it’s genotype by crossing it with another with a recessive phenotype (green seeds) with the genotype yy.
YY or Yy?
X
yy
If F1 = 50% Yellow, 50% green
Then P = Yy (hybrid)
Yy
If F1 = 100% Yellow
Then P must be = YY
Yy yy
Pedigree
male femaleMating couple
Children/Siblings
Shaded = trait being followed
aa
A = tongue roller
a = can not roll tongue
??
?
? ?
aaaa Aa
Aa
AA
Can you figure out the rest of the genotypes on your own?
Other Pedigree Symbols
• Fraternal twins
• Identical twins
Examples of connected symbols:Examples of connected symbols:
Unique Degrees of Dominance(exceptions to the rule)
Incomplete Dominance: Dominant trait “blends” when combined with a recessive allele
Notice how the genotypes are written…
X
CRCR CWCWCRCW
Unique Degrees of DominanceCo-Dominance: When there are multiple alleles that are dominant and are of equal strength
- then both dominant alleles will be expressed when combined
- a dominant allele will always mask a recessive allele.
Notice how the genotypes are written… Example: Blood Type
I’m the dominant allele for Type A blood!
I’m the dominant allele for Type B blood !
Don’t count me out just ‘cuz I’m recesssive. I’m
type O allele!
What’s expressed
when we’re together?
IA IA or IA i = type A bloodIA IB = type AB bloodIB IB or IB i = type B bloodi i = type O blood
Unique Gene Interactions
Pleiotrophy: The ability of a gene to affect an organism in many phenoytypic ways
Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia
Blood Clumping
Physical Weakness or Brain Damage
Unique Gene InteractionsPolygenic Inheritance: when multiple genes have an added effect on a single phenotype (Opposite of Pleiotrophy) – ex. Skin color, heightNotice the range in genotypes…
aabbcc AABBCC
Unique Gene InteractionsEpistasis: when a gene at one locus alters the expression of a gene at another locus
Alleles for Fur Color:
B = Black Fur
b = brown fur
C = Color
c = albino
BBCC, BBCc, BbCC, BbCc
bbCC, bbCc
BBcc, Bbcc, bbcc
Since cc genotype is albino, the alleles for fur color (B or b) are not expressed
Genetics is cool! But
wait…sample probability
problems to come!
How do you calculate probability? (Alternatives to Punnett Squares)
Sample Problem
Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Parent A has blue eyes, while Parent B is heterozygous for brown eyes. What is the probability that they will have a child with blue eyes?
Parent A (blue eyes) = bb
Parent B (brown eyes) = Bb
Process:
Blue-eyed Child has to be bb
Probability of parent A donating one “b” allele= 1
Probability of parent B donating the other “b” allele = ½
1 X ½ = ½ (50% probability)
X b b
B Bb Bb
b bb bb
Check your work!
50% probability for blue eyes
Rule of Multiplication
Rule of Multiplication and Addition
Sample Problem #2:In a cross between AaBbCc
x Aabbcc, what is the probability that at least two of the three recessive traits is present in the offspring?
Steps for solving:1. Write out the genotypic
possibilities2. Use rule of X (multiply
probabilities of each genotypic combination)
3. Use rule of +
AAbbcc
Aabbcc
aaBbcc
aabbCc
aabbcc
AA (1/2) x bb (1/2) x cc (1/2) = 1/8
Aa (1/2) x bb (1/2) x cc (1/2) = 1/8
Aa (1/4) x Bb (1/2) x cc (1/2) = 1/16
Aa (1/4) x bb (1/2) x Cc (1/2) = 1/16
Aa (1/4) x bb (1/2) x cc (1/2) = 1/16
Sum of the fractions: 6/16 = 3/8