Chapter 14 Macroevolution: the long run · 2016. 6. 2. · Microevolution and macroevolution •...
Transcript of Chapter 14 Macroevolution: the long run · 2016. 6. 2. · Microevolution and macroevolution •...
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Chapter 14Macroevolution: the long run
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Correlation vs. Causation
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Microevolution and macroevolution
• Microevolution: evolution occurring within populations – Adaptive and neutral changes in allele
frequencies • Macroevolution: evolution above the
species level – Origination, diversification, and extinction
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Interplay between speciation and extinction determines diversity
D1 (diversity) + originations – extinctions = D2 (new diversity)
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Calculating rates of origination and extinction
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Definition of Biological Diversity
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Number of subtaxa within a higher taxon
species diversitygeneric diversity
What might some problems be with measuring species diversity? Would they be more pronounced with genus diversity?
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Diverse taxa have higher origination rate than extinction rate
α = origination rate; Ω = extinction rate"An inordinate fondness for beetles."
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Extinction rate often tracks origination rate
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Causes of decline in diversity
• Diversity can decline when extinction increases or origination decreases – Drop in origination rate contributed to dinosaur
extinction
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Key Concepts
• Extinction occurs when the last member of a clade dies – Can be species or higher taxon
• Mass extinction in a clade can have two causes: – Drop in origination rate – Increase in extinction rate
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Biogeography: the study of geographical patterns of diversity
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Map of biogeographical regions
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Clades can become isolated through vicariance
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Marsupials evolved through a mix of vicariance and dispersal
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Key Concepts
• Biogeography is a multidisciplinary field that explores the roles of geography and history in explaining the distribution of species
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Estimating diversity through time is a complicated task
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Chance fluctuations in diversity can produce trend-like patterns
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Some ecological marine communities have become more diverse
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Three “evolutionary faunas”
Crinoids
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Caveats to diversity studies
• Most taxa studied are not species – Assignments to higher taxonomic groups
somewhat arbitrary • Phylogenetic relationships among groups
uncertain • Large-scale patterns may obscure
interesting regional patterns
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Adaptive radiation in Hawaiian honeycreepers
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Phylogenetic signatures of adaptive radiation
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Adaptive radiation and convergent evolution
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Adaptive radiation of animals
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Rapid diversification of animals corresponds to major environmental changes
• Warming and retreat of glaciers • Oxygenation of ocean
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Fossil record reveals how major transitions occurred
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Key Concepts
• Most adaptive radiations involve exploitation of environments not occupied by competitors
• Key innovations can transform how organisms interact with their environment – Paves the way for adaptive radiation
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Pace of extinctions
• Background extinction: the normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota
• Mass extinction: a statistically significant increase above background extinction rate
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Five large mass extinctions
You only need to now 2
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Mass extinction can result from climate change
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Rising carbon dioxide from volcanic activity may have led to Permian extinction
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K-T boundary extinction may have been caused by asteroid impact
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Traces of impact along Mexican coast
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Key Concepts
• The big five extinctions had different causes that impacted different organisms
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Humans may be driving a sixth mass extinction
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Habitat loss contributes to extinction
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Current extinction rates are on par with previous mass extinctions
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Increasing carbon dioxide correlates with warming temperatures
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Key Concept
• Although a single extinction event may have minimal impacts on an ecosystem a mass extinction can have cascading effects
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End Spring 2015