Mission Aircrew Course Chapter 14: Crew Resources Management (Feb 2005)
Chapter 14-EndrocrineSystemDiseasesHybrid Course
Transcript of Chapter 14-EndrocrineSystemDiseasesHybrid Course
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Endocrine System Diseases
Chapter 14
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Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid Parathyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas Pineal Body
Ovaries/Testes
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Endocrine System
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Pituitary Gland Diseases/Disorders
HyperpituitarismGigantism
Acromegaly Hypopituitarism
Diabetes Insipidus
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Gigantism
Hypersecretion of hGH during anindividual’s
growing years.
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Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of hGH duringadulthood
Disfiguring byovergrowth of bones & softtissues
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Hypopituitarism
Deficiency of hormones Gonadotropin hGH
Signs/Symptoms Dwarfism Emergence of
secondary sexualcharacteristics
Amenorrhea Decreased libido Loss of facial/body
hair
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Hypopituitarism
Etiology Pituitary or hypothalamus tumors
Head injuries Iatrogenic (Surgery or Radiation)
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Diabetes Insipidus(Pituitary diabetes)
Decreased antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Signs/Symptoms Polyuria
Extreme thirst
Dehydration
DX: OsmolalityTest DI Normal
Serum Sodium >145 meq/L 135-145 meql/L
Plasma Osmolality >295 mOsm 278-209 mOsm
Urine Osmolality <300 mOsm 50-1200 mOsm
U/P osmol ratio <1 3-4
Urine output > 2.5 L/d ~2.5 L/d
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Thyroid Gland Diseases/Disorders
Simple goiter
Thyroiditis
Hashiomoto’s thyroditis Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)
Hypothroidism
CretinismMyxedema
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Thyroid Gland
T3& T
4hormones are
produced by thyroid)
Pituitary is regulatedby hypothalamus’sTSH releasinghormone
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Simple Goiter
Decrease in saltintake
Diagnosis Enlarged thyroid
with a normal T3&
T4levels
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Thyroiditis
Hoshimoto’s thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis
Post partum thyroiditis Drug induced thyroiditis
Radiation induced
Bacteria induced acute thyroiditis
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Thyroiditis Symptoms
ThyrotoxicosisNervousness
loss of sleep excessive perspiration & heat
intolerance
weight loss
arrhythmias & tachycardia
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Hashimoto’s Disease
Known as Hashimoto’s
Autoimmune etiology
↑THS (thyroidstimulating hormone) &
T4(thyroxine)↓
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Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)
Oversecretion of T3 & T4
Thyrotoxicosis
Exophthalmos –
protruding eyes Dermopathy – orange
pigmentation & patchesskin
↑T3 & T4 and scanreveals uptake of radioactive iodine (131I)
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Hypothyroidism
Cretinism – congenital Symptoms – feeding problems, constipation,
hoarse cry, sleeps a lot, retarded growth,
impaired intelligence Myxedema – older adults
Slows down the metabolism
Symptoms – fatigue, constipation, musclecramps, menorrhagia
Weight gain and increased sensitivity to cold
↓T3 & T4 with an TSH↑
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Parathyroid Gland Disorders
Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia) Disorder of calcium & phosphate metabolism ↑ PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Symptoms: Weak brittle bones Joint pain Kidney Stones
Diagnosis:
Increased calcium Increased PTH levels Decreased phosphorus
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Parathyroid Gland Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism (Hypocalcemia) ↓ PTH Symptoms:
Muscle cramps
Tingling of extremities Depression Tetany
Diagnosis Decreased calcium levels
Decreased PTH levels Increased phorphorus
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Adrenal Gland Diseases/Disorders
Cushing’s Syndrome
Diabetes Mellitus
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Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic disorder of carbohydratemetabolism due to insufficient productionof insulin
Insulin produced by islets of Langerhans inpancreas
Three Types Type 1: Immune-mediated (IDDM)
Type 2: Adult onset (NIDDM) Gestational – develops during pregnancy
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Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms Polyuria
Polydipsia
Glycosuria
Diagnosis ↑ 2hr PP Serum Glucose
↑Hemoglobin A1c (Glycohemoglobin)
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Complications of Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic coma
Insulin shock
Tissue necrosis & gangrene
Glomeruonephritis (leads to heart failure)
Retinopathy
Difficulties in swallowing
Constipation/Diarrhea Neurogenic bladder