Chapter 14 Carbohydrates. Chapter 14 14.1 - Carbohydrates.
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Transcript of Chapter 14 Carbohydrates. Chapter 14 14.1 - Carbohydrates.
Chapter 14
Carbohydrates
Chapter 14
14.1 - Carbohydrates
Chemistry of Life
Carbohydrates
are produced by photosynthesis in plants
such as glucose are synthesized in plants from CO2, H2O, and energy from the sun
are oxidized in living cells to produce CO2, H2O, and energy
Types of Carbohydrates
monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates disaccharides, consist of two monosaccharides polysaccharides, contain many monosaccharides
Monosaccharides consist of
3-6 carbon atoms typically a carbonyl group
aldehyde (aldose) ketone (ketose)
several hydroxyl groups carbohydrates that cannot be
split (or broken down) in to
smaller carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (based on # of C)
Chapter 14
14.2 – Structure of Monosaccharides
Fischer Projections
Identifying D and L Isomers
Look for the chiral carbon furthest from the carbonyl group
Which direction is the hydroxyl group pointing in when the carbonyl group is drawn at the top?
If its on left –
give a L designation If its on right –
give a D designation
Important Monosaccharides
Most common hexose is D-glucose
(also known as dextrose or blood sugar) Found in fruits, vegis, corn syrup & honey Building block of disaccharides:
sucrose, lactose and maltose Building block of disaccharides:
starch, cellulose and glycogen
Important Monosaccharides
Galactose is an aldohexose that does not occur in the free form in nature
Obtained as a hydrolysis product of
the disaccharide lactose Important in the cellular membranes
of the brain and nervous system Only difference from D-glucose is
the –OH arrangement on C #4
Important Monosaccharides
Fructose is the sweetest carbohydrate (2x as sweet as sucrose – table sugar)
After it enters the bloodstream it is
converted to glucose Found in fruit juices and honey Also called levulose and fruit sugar Also obtained as one of the
hydrolysis products of sucrose
Important Monosaccharides