Chapter 14 – Section 1 - Frau Young · 2018-09-10 · Kosovka devojka (The Kosovo Maiden), ......
Transcript of Chapter 14 – Section 1 - Frau Young · 2018-09-10 · Kosovka devojka (The Kosovo Maiden), ......
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Chapter 14 – Section 1Turmoil in the Balkans
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Lake Bled, Slovenia
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Dubrovnik, Croatia
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Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina
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Skopje, Macedonia
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Budva, Montenegro
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Countryside in Serbia
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History• 500s – Slavic people migrated from Poland & Russia into the Balkan Peninsula. They
are South Slavs (Croats, Slovenes & Serbs) – each group formed its own kingdom.
• 1389 – Ottoman Empire conquered the region at the Battle of Kosovo Polje.• Ruled Bosnia & Herzegovina too
• Austria ruled Slovenia & Hungary ruled Croatia
• Over time foreign rule created cultural differences amongst the South Slavs.
Kosovka devojka(The Kosovo Maiden),
a picture by UrošPredić
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Yugoslavia• 1878 – Serbia broke free from the Ottomans & wanted to unite all South Slavs in one
nation. • Sparked WWI
• 1918 – Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats & Slovenes was formed.
• 1929 – King renamed it Yugoslavia (Land of the South Slavs).
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Communist Rule• WWII – Germany & Italy invade Yugoslavia; Croats helped the Nazis
• Others fought them and joined the Chetnicks or the Partisans
• Josip Broz Tito, Communist Party Leader, became the dictator and encouraged all of the ethnic groups to think of themselves as Yugoslavs.
• 1946 – new constitution organized the country into 6 republics: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.
• 2 provinces: Kosovo & Vojvodina
• 1980 – Tito died and presidency rotated between the republics’ leaders.
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Ethnic Tensions• Slobodan Milosevic, a Serbian leader that tried to increase Serbia’s power over
Yugoslavia causing 4 republics to leave (‘91 & ‘92). • Serbia started a war but lost.
• Slovenia & Croatia declare independence
• S quickly won and became a country
• C had a large Serb minority and they fought with the invaders due to past hatreds.
• UN created a cease fire in Jan ’92
• Bosnia & Herzegovina declare independence
• Muslims & Croats supported it, but not the Serbs or Serbia.
• US sponsored peace negotiations in ‘95
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• Ethnic cleansing: policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group through violence.• More than 200,000 people died
• More than 2,000,000 fled their homes
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War is Kosovo• Serbs wanted this province because they feel it is a part of their heritage.
• Albanian Muslims with non-Slavic language lived there
• Milosevic tried to control the region and wipe out its Albanian culture.
• 1990s – Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) started to attack Serbian officials. • Serbian government responds by bombing village & with ethnic cleansing
• 1999 – NATO starts bombing Serbia to get them to stop attacking Kosovo• Milosevic withdrew in June; evidence of torture and massacre
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An Uncertain Future• 2000 – Vojislav Kostunica is elected president
• Tension remained from the wars, millions of refugees, widespread poverty and the desire for independence.
• 2003 – Montenegro and Serbia become independent nations and Yugoslavia is no more.
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Chapter 14 – Section 2Cleaning Up Europe
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Europe’s Water• 2000 – Gold mine in Romania released cyanide (a deadly poison) into local streams
and into the Tisza River in Hungary. • Poison killed 80% of Europe’s rarest fish.
• Pollution rarely stays at its point of origin.
• Developing industries often create pollution that can contaminate local water supplies.
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Pollution Sources• Sewage: Cities usually have treatment plants to remove harmful substances before
it’s released into bodies of water, if not, water & soil will become toxic.
• Chemical Fertilizers: Rain washes them from fields into bodies of water causing algae & plants to grow faster than fish can eat them. Plants decay, using up oxygen, killing the fish, using up more oxygen – rivers can no longer support life.
• Oil Spills: Thousands of tons of oil kill and contaminate ocean life.
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Industry’s Effect on Water Supplies
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Water Clean Up• Water pollution spreads quickly and easily, therefore nations must
cooperate to solve the problem.
• EU set up the European Environmental Agency which collection environmental information.
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Have you ever been to LA?
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Beijing, China – Before/After Smog
Hundreds of factories were shut during this time, while half of Beijing's five million registered cars were banned from the streets.
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Improving Air Quality• Air pollution is made of harmful gases and particulates: very small particles of liquid
or solid matter.
• Water pollution and air pollution are connected. Rain washes chemicals out of dirty air & into water.
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Particulates in the Air & Deaths per Month
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Human Created Pollution• Fossil Fuels: burning them causes air pollution creating smog: a brown haze that is
created when the fossil fuels react to sunlight creating hundreds of harmful chemicals. Ozone is a form of oxygen that causes health problems.
• Fires: release smoke and particulates into the atmosphere.
• Chemical Use: release harmful chemicals into the air.
• Industry: Factories discharge harmful waste and chemicals.
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Pollution Problems• Breathing air pollution can contribute to respiratory diseases; can cause lung cancer.
• Harms livestock and stunts plant growth
• Causes acid rain which kills forests and damages buildings
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Damage to Statues1908 - 1968
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Cleaning the Air• Countries are passing laws to make the air safer to breathe.
• Working together to reduce emissions from cars & industry to improve air quality.
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Crash Course EcologyPollution