Chapter 131 Properties of Solutions Chapter 13. 2 Homework 13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46,...
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Transcript of Chapter 131 Properties of Solutions Chapter 13. 2 Homework 13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46,...
Chapter 13 1
Properties of SolutionsProperties of Solutions
Chapter 13Chapter 13
Chapter 13 2
Homework
13.10, 13.18, 13.26, 13.32, 13.44, 13.46, 13.48, 13.56
Chapter 13 3
The Solution ProcessThe Solution Process
Solution - A homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent.Solute – The substance which is dissolved.Solvent – The substance which acts as the dissolving
medium.
Chapter 13 4
Saturated Solutions and SolubilitySaturated Solutions and Solubility
Qualitative Terms: Dilute Solution – A solution in which additional solute may be dissolved.Saturated Solution – A solution in which no more solute may be dissolved. Supersaturated Solution – A solution in which more solute is dissolved than in a saturated solution.
Solubility - amount of solute required to form a saturated solution.
Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality
Chapter 13 5
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
100soln of mass total
soln incomponent of mass % Mass
Chapter 13 6
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
100soln of mass total
soln incomponent of mass % Mass
610soln of mass total
soln incomponent of massppm
Chapter 13 7
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
components all of moles totalcomponent of molesfraction Mole
Mole Fraction
Chapter 13 8
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
solution of literssolute of molesMolarity
Molarity
Chapter 13 9
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
Molality (m) – moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
Molality
Chapter 13 10
Ways of Expressing ConcentrationWays of Expressing Concentration
Molality (m) – moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
solvent of kilogramssolute of molesMolality
Molality
Chapter 13 11
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Miscible liquids - Mix in any proportions.Immiscible liquids - Do not mix.
Solute-Solvent Interactions
Chapter 13 12
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
“Like Dissolves Like”- Polar molecules will dissolve in polar solvents.- Non-polar molecules will dissolve in non-polar
solvents.
Solute-Solvent Interactions
Chapter 13 13
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
- Solubility of a gas in a liquid is a function of the pressure of the gas.- The higher the pressure, the greater the solubility.
Pressure Effects
Chapter 13 14
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Henry’s Law – The solubility of a gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution.
Pressure Effects
Chapter 13 15
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Henry’s Law – The solubility of a gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution.
Cg - solubility of gas Pg - the partial pressure of the gas k - Henry’s law constant.
gg kPC
Pressure Effects
Chapter 13 16
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting SolubilityTemperature EffectsTemperature Effects
Chapter 13 17
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting SolubilityTemperature EffectsTemperature Effects
Chapter 13 18
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
- Properties of a solution which depend on quantity of solute molecules.
- Solutions formed with a nonvolatile solute will:- have lower vapor pressure- lower freezing point- higher boiling point
Chapter 13 19
Colligative PropertiesColligative PropertiesBoiling-Point Elevation
Chapter 13 20
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Raoult’s Law – The equilibrium vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution
Raoult’s Law
Chapter 13 21
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Raoult’s Law – The equilibrium vapor pressure of the solvent over the solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution
PA - vapor pressure of the solvent in the solutionPA - vapor pressure of the pure solvent A - the mole fraction of solvent, A
AAA PP
Raoult’s Law
Chapter 13 22
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Kb - Molal boiling-point elevation constant m – solution molalityTb – boiling point change
mKΔT bb
Boiling-Point Elevation
Chapter 13 23
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Kf - Molal freezing-point depression constant m – solution molalityTf – freezing point change
mKT ff
Freezing-Point Depression
Chapter 13 24
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
The net movement of solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution.
Osmosis
Chapter 13 25
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Eventually the pressure difference between the arms stops osmosis.
Osmosis
Chapter 13 26
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Osmotic pressure() - The pressure required to stop osmosis
Osmosis
Chapter 13 27
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Osmotic pressure() - The pressure required to stop osmosis
M - molarity of the solutionR - gas constant (0.08206 L(atm)/mol(K))T - temperature in Kelvin
MRT
Osmosis
Chapter 13 28
ColloidsColloids
- Colloids are suspensions in which the suspended particles are larger than molecules but too small to drop out of the suspension due to gravity.
- Particle size: 10 to 2000 Å.
Chapter 13 29
ColloidsColloidsTyndall effect: ability of a Colloid to scatter light. The
beam of light can be seen through the colloid.