Chapter 13: Wireless Networks
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Transcript of Chapter 13: Wireless Networks
Chapter 13:Wireless Networks
Business Data Communications, 4e
Reasons for Wireless Networks Mobile communication is needed. Communication must take place in a terrain that makes
wired communication difficult or impossible. A communication system must be deployed quickly. Communication facilities must be installed at low initial
cost. The same information must be broadcast to many
locations.
Problems with Wireless Networks
Operates in a less controlled environment, so is more susceptible to interference, signal loss, noise, and eavesdropping.
Generally, wireless facilities have lower data rates than guided facilities.
Frequencies can be more easily reused with guided media than with wireless media.
Mobile Telephony First Generation
analog voice communication using frequency modulation.
Second Generation digital techniques and time-division multiple access (TDMA)
or code-division multiple access (CDMA)
Third Generation evolving from second-generation wireless systems will integrate services into one set of standards.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service
AMPS Components Mobile Units
contains a modem that can switch between many frequencies
3 identification numbers: electronic serial number, system ID number, mobile ID number
Base Transceiver full-duplex communication with the mobile
Mobile Switching Center
Global System for Mobile Communication
Developed to provide common 2nd-generation technology for Europe
200 million customers worldwide, almost 5 million in the North America
GSM transmission is encrypted Spectral allocation: 25 MHz for base transmission
(935–960 MHz), 25 MHz for mobile transmission (890–915 MHz)
GSM Layout
Multiple Access
Four ways to divide the spectrum among active users frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) time-division multiplexing (TDM) code-division multiplexing (CDM) space-division multiplexing (SDM)
Choice of Access Methods FDM, used in 1st generation systems, wastes spectrum Debate over TDMA vs CDMA for 2nd generation
TDMA advocates argue there is more successful experience with TDMA.
CDMA proponents argue that CDMA offers additional features as well, such as increased range.
TDMA systems have achieved an early lead in actual implementations
CDMA seems to be the access method of choice for third-generation systems
Third Generation Systems Intended to provide provide high speed wireless
communications for multimedia, data, and video Personal communications services (PCSs) and
personal communication networks (PCNs) are objectives for third-generation wireless.
Planned technology is digital using TDMA or CDMA to provide efficient spectrum use and high capacity
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Programming model based on the WWW Programming Model
Wireless Markup Language, adhering to XML Specification of a small browser suitable for a mobile,
wireless terminal A lightweight communications protocol stack A framework for wireless telephony applications
(WTAs)
WAP Programming Model
WAP Protocol Stack
Wireless Telephony Applications:A Sample Configuration
Geostationary Satellites
Circular orbit 35,838 km above the earth’s surface
rotates in the equatorial plane of the earth at exactly the same angular speed as the earth
will remain above the same spot on the equator as the earth rotates.
Advantages of Geostationary Orbits
Satellite is stationary relative to the earth, so no frequency changes due to the relative motion of the satellite and antennas on earth (Doppler effect).
Tracking of the satellite by its earth stations is simplified.
One satellite can communicate with roughly a fourth of the earth; three satellites separated by 120° cover most of the inhabited portions of the entire earth excluding only the areas near the north and south poles
Problems withGeostationary Orbits
Signal can weaken after traveling > 35,000 km Polar regions and the far northern and
southern hemispheres are poorly served Even at speed of light, about 300,000 km/sec,
the delay in sending a signal from a point on the equator beneath the satellite 35,838 km to the satellite and 35,838 km back is substantial.
LEO and MEO Orbits
Alternatives to geostationary orbits LEO: Low earth orbiting MEO: Medium earth orbiting
Satellite Orbits
Types of LEOs
Little LEOs: Intended to work at communication frequencies below1 GHz using no more than 5 MHz of bandwidth and supporting data rates up to 10 kbps
Big LEOs: Work at frequencies above 1 GHz and supporting data rates up to a few megabits per second