Chapter 13

Chapter 13 VocabularyAndrew JacksonSpoils systemRevolution of 1828corrupt bargainTrail of TearsDemocratic partyWhig partyNullifiers1824-1840Chapter 13: The Rise of Democracy

Politics changeNew party: Whig party emergesPoliticking: banners, badges, parades, BBQs Baby Kissing Increase in voter turnout

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Corrupt Bargain of 1824CandidatePopular VoteElectoral Vote% in Electoral CollegeAndrew Jackson43%99

38%J.Q. Adams31%84

32%William Crawford13%41

16%Henry Clay13%37

14%

John Quincy AdamsShort, bald, Sarcastic, tactless, irritableBrilliant mind One of the most successful Secretaries of State, least successful presidents1st minority President (winning less than majority of votes)Refused to create new positions for friends in governmentNationalistic- national university and astronomical observatory

Native American woesSettlers in Georgia want to be rid of the Cherokee IndiansAdams tries to deal fairly with the IndiansGeorgian governor threatened to resort to armsFederal intervention is stopped by the Georgian threatRepublican split bef. 1828 National Republican:John Q. AdamsOak Uncompromising moralsNew England and NortheastDemocratic Republicans:(Jacksonian Republicans)Andrew JacksonHickory, old hickoryRough frontiersman, champion of the common manSouth and West1828 Election

Old Hickory as President

Health issues- dysentery, TB, lead poisoningBorn in Carolinas, orphanedBecame a judge and Congressional member in Tennessee Violent temper1st President from the WestFirst nominated at a formal party convention (1832)2nd without a college degreeSlave ownerFrontier aristocratJacksons followersHickoryites came to Washington to see the inauguration of JacksonMixture of all social classespeoples champion - JacksonitesKing Mob - conservatives

Spoils SystemJackson rewarded those who helped his campaignJackson argued Washington needed to be cleaned outThrow their rascals out and put our rascals in.Essentially people could buy their positions in the government by supporting the partySamuel Startwout- 1st person to steal $1million from the governmentCemented party loyalty and a 2 party system

Tariff of Abominations1824 Jackson promoted a high tariff bill that would give Adams a bad reputationThe tariff passed in 1828, and Jackson himself ended up with the problemSouth despised tariffsTariff of Abominations or Black TariffTariff protected pretty much everyone but South in tradeBigger issue- worry that the federal government would intervene relating to slavery

The South Carolina Exposition written by John C. Calhoun Denounced the tariff as unjust and unconstitutionalProposed states should nullify the tariff

Nullies of South CarolinaSupporters of nullification tried to gain 2/3rds vote in S.C. legislatureTariff of 1832- stripped away the worst of the abominations but didnt meet southern demandsNullies wore palmetto ribbons to show state loyalty in the 1832 electionState legislature called a special convention that declared the tariff null and void in S.C.S.C. threatened to remove themselves from the UnionJackson versus South CarolinaJackson wont be bullied he sends military troops to S.C.Henry Clay- enemy of Jackson- supported a compromise bill which would reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over an 8 yr. spanCompromise Tariff of 1833 passed with bitter debateForce Bill- authorized the President to use military force to keep states in lineColumbia Convention in S.C. met again and repealed their nullificationNeither Jackson nor the nullies won; Clay was the hero of the hourNative American RelationsMore than125,000 live east of the MississippiTribes were separate nations Americans consistently violated the agreements made with the IndiansEnergy went into Christianizing the IndiansCherokees made large strides to learn how to be civilizedCherokeesAdopted agricultural systemOpened schoolsSequoyah created an alphabet 1827 created a written constitution for executive, legislative, and judicial branchesSome thrived in cotton planting Some became slaveholders

Cherokee Nation after 1820

Five Civilized TribesCherokeeCreeksChoctawsChickasawsSeminoles

Georgia Challenges tribe sovereignty 1828 Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegalDecided the Indians would do as Georgia wantedSupreme Court, under Marshall, 3 times defended the CherokeeJackson refused to recognized the Courts decisionJackson proposed bodily removal of remaining eastern tribes

1830 Indian Removal ActVoluntary emigration - The Trail of TearsJackson believed native culture could be preserved no matter where it took place100,000 Indians were moved1830 Indian Removal Act transplanted all Indian Tribes east of the MississippiFive Civilized Tribes were hardest hitBureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836It was originally thought that at least now the Indians could be left alone to create their own societies on the permanent frontierpalefaces continued to move west, hungry for land permanent frontier lasted 15 yearsTrail of Tears

Indian ResistanceBlack Hawk led a resistance to the eviction1832 Army defeated themSeminoles tried to go to the EvergladesGuerilla warfare for 7 years Osceolas capture broke the spirit of the Seminoles

Bank WarJackson distrusted monopolistic banks and institutionsJackson hated the Bank of US because it had more power than any other bank Acted like another branch of the governmentControlled most of the nations gold and silverBank of the US was a private institutionNicholas Biddle- Bank PresidentBelieved by many to hold too much powerForeclosed on many farms in the West

Bank War of 1832Daniel Webster and Henry Clay gave Congress a bill asking for the renewal of the banks charterThe bank wasnt supposed to expire until 1836, but Clay pushed the issue up to be an election issueClay thought it would be a surefire win for him and a loss for Jackson Jackson vetoed the bill increasing the power of the Presidency and killing the bank backfiring on ClayElection of 1832

Killing the Bank Set to expire in 1836Jackson propose no longer filing deposits with Biddle but using the deposits to pay for everyday expenses of the governmentCabinet members advised against thisJackson changed his secretary of Treasury twice to find someone to agree with himBiddle called in Bank Loans to create a panic and show Jackson how necessary his bank was.Leftover money was put in multiple state banks pet-banksJackson demanded the public lands be bought with hard money to curb crashing economyLed to a financial panic and crash in 1837

Enter, the Whig PartyAt first seen as a organized incompatibilityUnifying factor = they all hated JacksonClay, Webster, Calhoun (1834) pass motion to censure Jackson for removing deposits from Bank of the USMembers of the new party:Clays American system supportersStates rightersNorthern industrialists and merchantsAnti-Masonic protestants

WhigsConservatives, yet progressives in that they supported active govt programs and reformsWanted internal improvements:Canals, railroads, telegraph linesSupported institutions like: prisons, asylums, and public schoolsWelcomed market economyClaimed to be the real defenders of the common manElection of 1836Martin Van Buren is Jacksons appointed replacementWhigs are unable to come up with a single candidateRammed multiple candidates through with hopes of a deadlock, forcing it to be decided in the House

Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren1st President to be born under the United StatesNew YorkerStrategist and spoilsmanLegislative and executive experienceInherited Jacksons title without his popularityJackson left Van Buren with a depression economically

Results of the Specie CircularBanknotes lose their value.Land sales plummeted.Credit not available.Businesses began to fail.Unemployment rose.The Panic of 1837!Panic of 1837Hessian fly, grain prices, failure of wheat cropsJacksons vacating his office caused the final burst1836- 2 British banks have problems and foreign investors call in loansAmerican banks collapsed by the 100sAmerican economy took the brunt of the problem

Van Buren Attempts a FixWhigs came up with proposals: Expansion of creditHigher tariffsSubsidies for internal improvementsVan Buren rejected all their ideasDivorce Bill- tried to divorce the government from bankingWanted to establish an independent treasuryPassed in 1840 ; repealed by Whigs in 1841TexasMexico wins their independence from Spain in 1821 Mexico grants Stephen Austin land He is to bring 300 familiesImmigrants were to be Catholic and would be MexicanizedFamilies were annoyed with presence of Mexican soliders Texan Americans by 1835 reached 30,000G.T.T. Gone to TexasDavy Crockett and Jim Bowie and Sam HoustonSam Houston- former governor of Tennessee

TexasTexans and Mexicans dont get alongSlavery became a touchy topicMexico emancipated slaves in 1830 and prohibited the importation of slaves into TexasTexans ignored the Mexican rules1833 Austin goes to Mexico City to negotiateSanta Anna stuck him in jail for 8 months

The Lone Star Rebellion1835 Santa Anna raised an army to take on the Texans1836 Texas declared their independenceSam Houston was named commander-in-chiefSanta Anna leads 6,000 men into Texas trapping 200 men at the AlamoLegendary men killed thereRemember the Alamo

Texas IndependenceHouston and his men retreat and lure Santa Annas men to San JacintoMexicans= 1,300 Texans=900April 21, 1836 Houston wipes out the Mexicans during siestaSanta Anna was forced to sign 2 treatiesAgreed to withdraw Mexican troopsRio Grande is the southern most border of Texas

America and TexasTexas couldnt have won independence without help from USMexico says US has to stay neutral1837, before leaving office Jackson recognized the Lone Star RepublicMany Texans wanted to be part of the USIn 1837, Texas petitions for annexationSlavery becomes a problem for annexation

1840 Log Cabins and Hard CiderDemocrats renominate Van Buren (Van Ruin)Whigs nominate William Henry HarrisonKnown for Battle of TippecanoeIssueless and enemylessNo official platformWhigs adopted hard cider and log cabins as symbols of Harrisons campaign

HarrisonNot common man.. One of the FFV16 room mansion on a 3,000 acre farmWins 234 to 60 in the electoral college

1840 resultsTwo major changes evident through this election1. Peoples Politics:major triumph of populist democratic styleCommon man becomes the champion rather than aristocracy2. Two Party SystemDemocrats vs. WhigsBoth grew out of Jeffersonian RepublicanismDems- individual libertiesWhigs- value of community, states rights, national bank, protective tariffs 2 distinct political parties