Chapter 13: Urban Patterns
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Transcript of Chapter 13: Urban Patterns
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 13: Urban Patterns
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
• CBD land uses– Central business districts (CBDs)– Retail services in the CBD
• Retailers with a high threshold• Retailers with a high range• Retailers serving downtown workers
– Business services in the CBD
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CBD of Charlotte, NC
Figure 13-1
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Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
• Competition for land in the CBD– High land costs
• Some of the most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo
• Intensive land use– Underground areas
• Skyscrapers – “Vertical geography”
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Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
• Activities excluded from the CBD– Lack of industry in the CBD
• Modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land
– Lack of residents in the CBD• Push and pull factors involved
• CBDs outside North America– Less dominated by commercial
considerations.
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Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
• Models of urban structure– Are used to explain where people live in
cities– Three models, all developed in the city of
Chicago• Concentric zone model• Sector model• Multiple nuclei model
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The World in 1600 Major Kingdoms and Countries
Complete 47 a – 47 D
How can the world affect each other?
Relocation Diffusion Models of internal city structures, transportation
Population, pollution,
Trade, Tariffs
Site Factors: Labor, Land , Resources CBs
Make a T chart
Positive and Negative effects of World Trade
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Concentric Zone Model
Figure 13-4
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Sector Model
Figure 13-5
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Multiple Nuclei Model
Figure 13-6
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Where Are People Distributedin Urban Areas?
• Geographic application of the models– Models can be used to show where
different social groups live in the cities• Census tracts• Social area analysis
– Criticism of the models• Models may be too simple• Models may be outdated
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Where Are People Distributedin Urban Areas?
• Applying the models outside North America– European cities– Less developed countries
• Colonial cities• Cities since independence• Squatter settlements
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ModelsApplication
In groups of 5
Each person choose 5 Different Models
Give a summary and example
Of the model
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Income Distribution in the Paris Region
Figure 13-10
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Model of a Latin American City
Figure 13-14
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Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city physical issues– Most significant = deteriorating housing
• Filtering • Redlining
– Urban renewal– Public housing– Renovated housing
• Gentrification
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Racial Change in Chicago
Figure 13-16
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Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city social issues– The underclass
• An unending cycle of social and economic issues
• Homelessness
– Culture of poverty
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Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city economic issues– Eroding tax base
• Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes
– Impact of the recession• Housing market collapse
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Foreclosures in Baltimore
Figure 13-18
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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion– Annexation– Defining urban settlements
• The city• Urbanized areas• Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
– Metropolitan divisions– Micropolitan statistical areas
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Annexation in Chicago
Figure 13-19
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City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis
Figure 13-20
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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion– Local government fragmentation
• Council of government• Consolidations of city and county governments• Federations
– Overlapping metropolitan areas
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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Peripheral model– Edge cities– Density gradient– Cost of suburban sprawl
• Suburban segregation– Residential segregation– Suburbanization of businesses
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Density Gradient
Figure 13-23
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Suburban Stress
Figure 13-25
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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
• Transportation and suburbanization– Motor vehicles
• More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car
– Public transit• Advantages of public transit
– Transit travelers take up less space– Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an automobile– Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area
• Public transit in the United States– Used primarily for rush-hour community for workers into and out of CBD– Small cities-minimal use– Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile
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Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium
Figure 13-28
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The End.
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