Chapter 13 The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts. Romanesque Architecture.
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Transcript of Chapter 13 The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts. Romanesque Architecture.
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Chapter 13The Medieval
Synthesis in the Arts
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•Romanesque
Architecture
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• The primary impulse for Romanesque architecture came from the church.
• Geography: The Romanesque center of gravity is in Italy and those lands north of the Alps.
• Chronology: The Romanesque period extended from the Carolingian to the Holy Roman epochs (the 8th and 12th centuries).
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• Basic motifs: an multistory interior, with a dome and round arches set on columns
• Basic form: a basilica built with a transept in front of the choir
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• The Benedictine abbey of Cluny, Southern France
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• Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, southern France
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Hallmarks of Romanesque
1.Solidity and simplicity of structure
2.A form marked by severity and military masculinity
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Norman Romanesque• The Normans were Vikings who settled in
northern France in 911, Britain in 1066, and later in southern Italy and Sicily.
• The term “Norman Romanesque” designates the style as it developed under French influence, not only in France itself, but throughout the area under Norman influence.
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Norman Romanesque• Characteristics: the organization of w
all surfaces, an emphasis on pure ornamentalism, and development of the groin vault, in which two barrel vaults intersect at right angles.
• All of these developments foreshadow the Gothic.
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•Speyer, Germany (built 1024-1106)
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•The Cathedral of Durham, England (1091-1120)
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• The Compo dei Miracoli in Pisa, Italy (began in 1063 and took two centuries to complete)
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Romanesque Sculpture
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•Gothic Architecture
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• The term “gothic,” derived from the barbarian Goths, was originally used to discredit a supposedly degenerate architectural style.
• It describes the “errors” typically found in large church and state buildings north of the Alps starting around 1300.
• The gothic architecture was widely prevalent in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe.
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Symbolic Meaning• a shift of intellectual life from the monastery to the town
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Characteristics• Size: often large enough to
hold the entire population of a town
• Height: soaring heavenward
• Light: stained glass, the illuminated nave
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•Mauvais Cathedral, France (begun 1220)
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Notre Dame, Paris
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Milan
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Salisbury, England
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Salisbury, England
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Flying Buttress• This device allowed masons
to carry as much weight as they could away from cathedral walls. The higher the walls, the greater the span of the buttresses.
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Soaring Spires• If the French aimed high with
the naves of their cathedrals, abetted by the flying buttress, the English and Germans reached for the sky in the guise of spires.
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Tracery• A pattern wrought by the interweaving or
branching out of lines in the head of a gothic window
• Two periods:
The Decorative: naturalistic and flowing, full of swoops and curves
The Perpendicular: geometric, refined, and mechanical
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•Stained Glass
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•Rose Window
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•Gargoyles
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•The End