Chapter 13 The Byzantine Commonwealth. Background Vestiges of the Roman Empire Dominate until the...
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Transcript of Chapter 13 The Byzantine Commonwealth. Background Vestiges of the Roman Empire Dominate until the...
![Page 1: Chapter 13 The Byzantine Commonwealth. Background Vestiges of the Roman Empire Dominate until the 1100’s, existed until 1453 Large impact on Russian and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e8a5503460f94b8f79d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 13
The Byzantine Commonwealth
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Background• Vestiges of the Roman Empire• Dominate until the 1100’s, existed
until 1453• Large impact on Russian and Slavic
culture• Byzantine Commonwealth refers to
area of influence beyond formal borders
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Early Byzantine Empire
• Excellent site – defensible, good harbor, site of major crossroads
• Constantinople becomes capital of Roman empire in 340 BCE
• Empire con’t to shrink over time, with occasional periods of expansion
• Kept Roman institutions/advances, avoids “Dark Ages”
• Dev. own unique and complicated culture• Main threat during early centuries was
the Sasanid Dynasty of the Persian Empire (226-641 BCE)
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Byzantine Empire
• Imperial, autocratic rule• Emperor
– Absolute power– Complex rituals– Took on aspect of divinity, control of theology
– ceasaropapism
• Large complex bureaucracy • Byzantine Court
– Complex rituals and etiquette– Theatrical component
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Justinian (r. 527-565) and Theodora
• Both came from lower class backgrounds
• Generally reigned as co-rulers• Quashed internal rebellion with large
military actions• Launched rebuiling of Constantinople
– Hagia Sophia• Justinian’s Code
– Reorganized Roman Civil Law– Heavy influence on western world law
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Belisarius & Byzantine Expansion
• Justinian’s top general – campaigned 533 – 540
• Justinian wanted to recreate the whole of the Roman Empire
• Successful in terms of expansion, but unable to establish occupation and administration force to maintain such a large empire
• 561 BCE falling out between Belisarius and Justinian – numerous myths – basically peaceful retirement
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Competition with the Islamic Empire• Later 600’s, early 700’s
• Conquered Persian empire and pushed back Byzantine frontiers
• Laid siege to Constantinople (674-678, 717-718)
• Byzantine military made use of “Greek Fire” – retained control of Asia Minor, Greece, and SE Europe
• Smaller size of Byz. Emp, actually allowed for a revival
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Imperial Reorganization
• Theme system – Put jurisdictions under the control of a general
who also acted as a governor – Closely supervised– Recruited military from free peasants in return
for land– Improved agricultural production – Allowed for quick militia style mobilization
• Successful enough to allow for imperial expansion
• By 11th century, came to dominate Med. Basin again
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Tension Between East and West
• Conflict between Catholic and Orthodox faiths
• Religious conflicts – issues of faith and practice, arguments between pope & patriarchs
• Political conflicts – creation of Holy Roman Empire (Charlemagne)
• Eventually led to military conflict in Italy
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Byzantine Economy and Society
• Agriculture – • Dependent on grain from Egypt • Free peasants who owned small parcels of
land– Protected by imperial gov’t until 1000’s – Decline of free peasantry will cause military decline
• Serfs worked large estates for the wealthy – Did not pay taxes – Undermine power of gov’t– Last three centuries of Byz Emp, chronic, slow
decline
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Industry and Trade
• Wealthy state regardless of internal/external problems – – largely due to trade –– location! location! location!– Bezant becomes currency of the Med. Sea
• Huge manufacturing enterprises within urban areas
• Silk industry by 500’s • Business methods – partnerships, dynamic
system of banking - allowed less affluent merchants to start up competitive businesses
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Urban Life
• Extremely luxurious lifestyle for upper class
• Women lived in seclusion • Roman traditions (baths, hippodrome,
“bawdy houses)• Chariot Racing
– “Blues and Greens” –• rivalry on and off track, led to public unrest and
revolts • Eventually evolve into civic committees
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Classical Heritage and the Orthodox Church
• Influence of Classical Greece– Greek replaced Latin as the spoken language – Greater focus on classical Greece than Rome– School system based on Greek models
• Byzantine Christianity – Close link with gov’t – 325 CE Council of Nicea – radically changed
and organized Christian beliefs– Icon Controversy (p332) Byzantine officials
tried to ban saints, other religious icons c. 726 CE, caused further split with Catholic Church (834 – Iconoclasty is abandoned)
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Conflicts between Catholic & Orthodox Christianity
• Icon Controversy • Many small debates– bread, beards• Larger conflicts over doctrine • Conflicts between popes and
patriarchs over power – 1054 – Pope of Rome and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other
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Influence of Byz Emp on Eastern Europe
• Greater attention to Eastern Europe with development of Islamic Empire
• Relations with E.E kingdoms became increasingly friendly
• Byz missionaries sought converts in E.E. • Cyril and Methodus (monks) created Cyrillic
alphabet for Slavic languages • Very close ties between Byz Emp and Russia
– Kiev was Russian capital – Volga & Dneiper rivers connected Scandinavia, Russia, and Constantinople
– 989 Prince Vladimir converted to Orthodox Christianity – Considerable intermarriage between royal families– Considered itself to be the “Third Rome” after the fall of
Constantinople
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Fall of Byzantine Emperor
• Theme system eventually created problems • Loss of free peasantry, too much power in
the hands of the aristocrats • Expansion and development of western
Europe in the 1100’s• Crusades – 4th Crusade attacked
Constantinople • Anatolia conquered by Seljuk Turks – loss
of farmland crippling (1100’s) • Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
1453