Chapter 13 Section 4-5

England, France, Germany, and Italy

The End of King John

Revolt by nobles ends in John’s death Crown passes to King Henry III, John’s son

(1216-1272)Magna Carta gets re-issued several

times Unite the middle class, nobles, and king

Growth of Parliament and common law (law based on customs and judges decisions rather than written code)

Moving Towards Parliament

Revolt led by Simon de Montfort threatens the monarchy once again Representatives of nobles, clergy, and

middle class meet in Great Council - first Parliament

2 houses = “House of Lords” (nobles and clergy) and “House of Commons” (knights and burgesses/leading citizens)

Continued Evolution

1272 - Edward I ascends the throne - divides king’s court into three branches Court of the Exchequer - finances Court of Common Pleas - ordinary citizens Court of the King’s Bench - king and gov’t

Decisions of court used as basis for future decisions - Common Law “living law” - changed to meet changing conditions

Rise of Capetian Kings of France

Last Carolingian king died 987 Nobles chose Hugh Capet as King

Capetians ruled for 300 years Only ruled a small area of France (Ile-de-France)

Fertile, grain-growing district Sought to unite all duchies of France

Anjou, Aquitaine, Gascony, Flanders, Normandy, etc.

Successors sought political alliances Married noblewomen with large dowries and fiefs

Regaining Land

Philip II (Philip Augustus) 1180-1223 Looking to conquer English occupied lands

in France Greatly increased royal landholdings such

as Maine and Normandy

Continued Rise

Appointed well-trained officials to run gov’t Parliament of Paris = highest royal court

Philip IV (the Handsome) 1285-1314 Expelled Jews from France and took their

possessions Extend royal power Taxed the clergy

Disagreement with Pope

Pope Boniface VII opposes taxes, so Philip has him arrested

After Boniface dies, Phil influences election of Clement V as Pope

Convenes the Estates General to gain support Nobles, Clergy, and Commoners

End of Capetian Kings

Capetian kings strengthened royal power in France - more central gov’t

Vision of unified country = impossible Little appeal for monarchy at local level

Last Capetian ruler, Charles IV, diesNew line of French kings - Valois

The Holy Roman Empire

After death of Charlemagne - Italy in state of disorder Descendents inherited title of Holy Roman

EmperorMultiple rulers in Italy

Pope - Papal States Byzantines - ruled parts Arabs - ruled Sicily

Otto I (the Great)

Elected king of Germany (936)Desired strong central kingdom like

Capetians in France Also wanted Italy

951 - seized territory in N. ItalyPope begs him for help dealing with nobles

Otto agrees, and is crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962

Controls Northern Italy

Henry III

Emperor from 1046-1056Expected church to actively support him

and the empire3 men claimed the papacy during his

reign He removed them and chose the next 3

popes himself

Henry IV

5 years old - chance for nobles to regain independence and feudal power

Church sought to regain lost powerClashes with Pope Gregory VII

Conflict over lay investiture = an imperial rulers right to appoint bishopsGregory --> NOHenry --> YES

Gregory has Henry excommunicated

Pope vs. King

1077 --> Henry travels to meet the pope and beg for mercy = gets excommunication revoked

1122 - Concordat of Worms Limits imperial power over church Only Pope can name Bishops

Does NOT end conflict between rulers and popes Interference in Italy threatens Papal States

Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I)Ruled Germany from 1152-1190Wanted to control Lombardy (N. Italy)

Merchant cities Milan resisted, so he destroyed the city

Cities united as the Lombard League Defeated Frederick in 1176

Peace treaty Frederick = overlord Cities could govern themselves

Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)

Strongest medieval popeBelieved emperors/kings were no more

than servants of the church He could settle all political AND spiritual

mattersUsed excommunication and interdict

freely King John and England - interdict Philip Augustus - interdict Overthrew 2 German kings

Failed Unification

Italy and Germany never unitedFrederick II tried to bring both countries

together under his rule = FAILItaly divided into 3 regions

N. Italy - Lombard cities Central Italy (Papal States) - Pope S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily