Chapter 13 Pages 339-373 19. 1. Angio- = vessel 2. Auri- = ear 3. Cardio-, cor- = heart 4. -emia =...
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Transcript of Chapter 13 Pages 339-373 19. 1. Angio- = vessel 2. Auri- = ear 3. Cardio-, cor- = heart 4. -emia =...
![Page 1: Chapter 13 Pages 339-373 19. 1. Angio- = vessel 2. Auri- = ear 3. Cardio-, cor- = heart 4. -emia = in the blood 5. Endo- = within 6. Epi = on top of 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649f055503460f94c1af0d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Cardiovascular system: Heart
Chapter 13Pages 339-373
19
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Chapter 13 Wordbytes
1. Angio- = vessel2. Auri- = ear3. Cardio-, cor- = heart4. -emia = in the blood5. Endo- = within6. Epi = on top of7. Ische- = to obstruct
8. Myo = muscle9. Papill- = nipple10.Peri = around11.Pulmon- = lung12.Tend- = tendon13.Ventr- =underside
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About the size of a fist; weighs less than a pound
Found in thoracic cavity between two lungs = mediastinum (medial cavity of thorax)◦ ~2/3 to left of midline
Surrounded by pericardium:1. Fibrous pericardium-
◦ Inelastic; protects and anchors heart in place2. Inside is serous pericardium- double layer
around heart◦ Parietal layer fused to fibrous pericardium◦ Inner visceral layer adheres tightly to heart◦ Filled with pericardial fluid- reduces friction during
beat.
Size, Location, Orientation
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Homeostatic Imbalance p.683
•Pericarditis inflammation of pericardium
–Creates a creaking sound heard by a stethoscope–Can compress fluid and limit heart’s ability to pump blood
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Figure 15.1
p. 682
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1. Epicardium- outer layer (contains fat)
2. Myocardium- cardiac muscle = bulk of heart; what contracts ◦Two separate networks via gap junctions
in intercalated discs- atrial & ventricular◦Networks- contract as a unit
3. Endocardium- Squamous epithelium◦Lines inside of myocardium
3 Heart Wall Layers: p. 684
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Figure 15.2a
![Page 8: Chapter 13 Pages 339-373 19. 1. Angio- = vessel 2. Auri- = ear 3. Cardio-, cor- = heart 4. -emia = in the blood 5. Endo- = within 6. Epi = on top of 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649f055503460f94c1af0d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 15.2b
![Page 9: Chapter 13 Pages 339-373 19. 1. Angio- = vessel 2. Auri- = ear 3. Cardio-, cor- = heart 4. -emia = in the blood 5. Endo- = within 6. Epi = on top of 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649f055503460f94c1af0d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 15.2c
![Page 10: Chapter 13 Pages 339-373 19. 1. Angio- = vessel 2. Auri- = ear 3. Cardio-, cor- = heart 4. -emia = in the blood 5. Endo- = within 6. Epi = on top of 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649f055503460f94c1af0d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2 superior chambers= atria (receiving chambers)◦Contains auricles small, wrinkled, protruding appendages
◦2 Parts:◦ 1.smooth-walled posterior◦ 2.anterior = ridged by bundles of muscles
◦Between is interatrial septum◦Contains fossa ovalis- remnant of foramen ovalis (opening in fetal heart)
4 Chambers of Heart
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Blood enters right atria via 3 veins:1. Superior vena cava (from body regions
superior to diaphragm)2. Inferior vena cava (from body areas below
diaphragm)3. Coronary sinus (collects blood from
myocardium)
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4 pulmonary veins enter the left atrium◦ Transport blood from the lungs back to the heart
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2 inferior chambers = ventricles (discharging chambers = pumps)◦Make up most of the mass of the heart◦Between is interventricular septum◦Right ventricle pumps blood into the
pulmonary trunk (to lungs for gas exchange)
◦Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta = largest artery in the body
Wall thickness depends on work load◦Atria thinnest◦Right ventricle pumps to lungs & thinner than
left
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Superior & inferior Vena Cavae◦Delivers deoxygenated blood to R. atrium from body
◦Coronary sinus drains heart muscle veins
R. Atrium R. Ventricle pumps through Pulmonary Trunk R & L pulmonary arteries lungs
Great Vessels Of Heart- Right p. 687
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Pulmonary Veins from lungs◦ oxygenated blood
L. atrium Left ventricle ascending aorta body Between pulmonary trunk & aortic arch is
ligamentum arteriosum fetal ductus arteriosum remnant
Great Vessels –Left p. 687-8
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Figure 15.3a
p. 685 - 687
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Figure 15.3b
p. 685 - 687
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Figure 15.3c
p. 685 - 687
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Blood flow through vessels in myocardium = coronary circulation
L. & R. coronary arteries◦ branch from aorta◦ branch to carry blood throughout muscle
Deoxygenated blood collected by Coronary Sinus (posterior)
Empties into R. Atrium
Blood Supply Of Heart
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Figure 15.5a
![Page 21: Chapter 13 Pages 339-373 19. 1. Angio- = vessel 2. Auri- = ear 3. Cardio-, cor- = heart 4. -emia = in the blood 5. Endo- = within 6. Epi = on top of 7.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56649f055503460f94c1af0d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 15.5b
p. 688
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Designed to prevent back flow in response to pressure changes
Atrioventricular (AV) valves◦ Between atria and ventricles◦ Right = tricuspid valve (3 cusps)◦ Left = bicuspid or “mitral” valve◦ Chordae tendineae – “heart strings”
= anchor cusps to muscles Semilunar valves near origin of aorta &
pulmonary trunk ◦ Aortic & pulmonary (semilunar)
valves respectively
Valves p.690
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Figure 15.4ab
p. 691
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Figure 15.4c
p. 691
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Figure 15.4d
p. 691
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Striated Contracts by sliding Short, fat, branched, interconnected Contains 1 or 2 centrally located nuclei Large mitochondria = high resistance to
fatigue
Properties of Cardiac Muscle
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1% of cardiac muscle generate action potentials= Pacemaker & Conduction system
Normally begins at sinoatrial (SA) node Atria contracts AV node -slows AV bundle (Bundle of His) bundle branches Purkinje fibers apex and up- then ventricles contract
Conduction System
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Depolarize spontaneously sinoatrial node ~100times /min also AV node ~40-60 times/min in ventricle ~20-35 /min Fastest one run runs the heart = pacemaker Normally the sinoatrial node
Pacemaker
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Figure 15.6
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Recording of currents from cardiac conduction on skin = electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
P wave= atrial depolarization◦Contraction begins right after peak◦Repolarization is masked in QRS
QRS complex= Ventricular depolarization◦Contraction of ventricle
T-wave = ventricular repolarization◦Just after ventricles relax
Electrocardiogram
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Figure 15.7
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after T-wave ventricular diastole◦Ventricular pressure drops below atrial &
AV valves open ventricular filling occurs After P-wave atrial systole
◦Finishes filling ventricle (`25%) After QRS ventricular systole
◦Pressure pushes AV valves closed◦Pushes semilunar valves open and ejection
occurs◦Ejection until ventricle relaxes enough for
arterial pressure to close semilunar valves
Cardiac Cycle
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Review muscle Heart has addition of External Ca2+
creates a plateau prolonged depolarized period. Can not go into tetanus.
Action Potential
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Figure 15.8
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Cardiac Output (CO) = liters/min pumped Heart Rate (HR) = beats/minute (bpm) Stroke volume (SV) = volume/beat CO = HR x SV
Flow Terms
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Degree of stretch = Frank-Starling law◦ Increase diastolic Volume increases strength of
contraction increased S.V.◦ Increased venous return increased S.V.
increased sympathetic activity High back pressure in artery decreased S.V.
◦ Slows semilunar valve opening
Controls- Stroke Volume (S.V.)
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Pacemaker adjusted by nerves◦Cardiovascular center in Medulla
parasympathetic- ACh slows◦Via vagus nerve
Sympathetic - norepinephrine speeds Sensory input for control:
◦baroreceptors (aortic arch & carotid sinus)- B.P.
◦Chemoreceptors- O2, CO2, pH
Controls- Heart Rate
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Hormones: ◦Epinephrine & norepinephrine increase H.R.
◦Thyroid hormones stimulate H.R.◦Called tachycardia
Ions◦Increased Na+ or K+ decrease H.R. & contraction force
◦Increased Ca2+ increases H.R. & contraction force
Other Controls
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Figure 15.9
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Aerobic exercise (longer than 20 min) strengthens cardiovascular system
Well trained athlete doubles maximum C.O.
Resting C.O. about the same but resting H.R. decreased
Exercise
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Figure 15.10