Chapter 13 Minerals of the Earth's Crust 1. Vocabulary: MineralLusterOre ElementStreakReclamation...
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Transcript of Chapter 13 Minerals of the Earth's Crust 1. Vocabulary: MineralLusterOre ElementStreakReclamation...
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Chapter 13
Minerals of the Earth's Crust
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Vocabulary:
Mineral Luster Ore
Element Streak Reclamation
Compound Cleavage
Crystal Fracture
Silicate mineral Hardness
Nonsilicate Density
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Section 1 What is a Mineral?
Mineral- is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that had defiant crystalline structure.
How to know if something is a mineral:
1) Has to be nonliving.2) Has to be solid.3) Has crystalline structure.4) Must be nature made.
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Minerals are made from elements or groups of elements.
Element- a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means. (single Lego block)
Compound- a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds. (lots of legos)
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Crystals
Crystals- a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern.
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Two GROUPS of Minerals
Silicates- a mineral that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more element.
Silicates make up 90% of the Earth’s crust.
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Two GROUPS of Minerals
Non- Silicates- a mineral compound that does NOT contain compounds of silicon and oxygen.
Non-silicates can contain oxygen and other elements but do not contain silicon.
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Section 2 Identifying Minerals
Geologists use several ways to identify minerals.
We will learn the 7 most common ways to identify minerals by their characteristics.
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1. Color
We can identify minerals by color. This is not a real good way because air, water, and impurities can affect color.
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2. Luster Luster- is the way a surface reflects light.
Shiny minerals usually have a metallic luster.
Dull minerals usually have a nonmetallic luster.
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3. Streak
Streak-The color of the powder of a mineral.The streak can be found by rubbing a mineral on a streak plate.
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4. Cleavage and FractureCleavage- the splitting of a mineral along smooth,
flat surfaces.
Fracture- the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces.
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5. Hardness
Hardness- the measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching.
Mohs Hardness Scale ranks mineral’s hardness from 1 (soft) to 10 (hard).
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6. Density
Density- the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of a substance.
Specific Gravity is the ratio of the mineral’s density to the density of water.
Ex. Water has a density of 1 g/cm3. Gold has a density of 19 g/cm3. To get gold’s Specific Gravity SIMPLY DROP THE UNITS!Gold’s Specific Gravity is 19.
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7. Special PropertiesSome minerals can be identified by special properties
such as:
Fluorescence - Glow under a black light.
Chemical Reaction - Some minerals will “Fizz” when you put acid on them.
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7. Special Properties
Optical Properties - some minerals will act like a magnifying glass.
Magnetism - Some minerals are magnetic.
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7. Special Properties
Taste- Some minerals will taste salty.
Radioactivity- Some minerals are RADIOACTIVE!!
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Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals
What we will learn in this section:1. Describe the environments in which minerals
will form.2. Compare the two types of mining.3. Describe two ways to reduce the effects of
mining.4. Describe different uses for metallic and non-
metallic minerals.
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MiningMining is the process of getting ore out of the
ground.
Ore— a natural material whose concentration of economically valuable mineral is high enough for the material to be mined profitably.
Mining can be done inside the earth and on the surface.
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Types of Surface Mining
1) Surface Mining—where minerals are dug up close to the surface of the Earth.
Types of surface mining include:• Open Pit Mining—used to remove large, near-surface
deposits of economically important minerals. Ex. gold, copper.
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• Quarry—open pits used to mine building stone, crushed rock, sand and gravel.
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• Surface Strip Mining— coal is removed in strips.
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Underground Mining
2. Subsurface Mining—minerals deep in the Earth are dug out using horizontal passage ways or a vertical shafts.
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Effects of Mining
• Mining gives us mineral we need, but it creates problems.
• Reclamation—process of returning land to its original condition after mining is complete.
• Reclamation has been required by law since the 1970s.
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The Uses of Minerals
• Metallic Minerals- are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Used in airplanes, cars, computers, and other electronic devices.
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The Uses of Minerals
• Non-Metallic Minerals- are good insulators of electricity and building products.
• Used in concrete, drywall, toothpaste, glassmaking, etc.
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The Uses of Minerals
• Gemstones are highly valued for their beauty and rarity rather than their usefulness.
• Used in rings, necklaces, bracelets, and other jewelry.