CHAPTER 13 Genetic Engineering
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Transcript of CHAPTER 13 Genetic Engineering
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CHAPTER 13Genetic Engineering
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13-1 Changing the Living World
Selective Breeding- allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
ex: different dog breeds
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Selective Breeding• Selective breeding uses genetic
variation in organisms to pass desired traits onto the next generation.
Luther Burbank (1849-1926)• Created 800 varieties of plants• Disease resistant Burbank potato-
which was used in Ireland to fight potato blight
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Hybridization
• Hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms• Hybrids are often stronger than either parent
• Ex: crossing disease resistance with food producing capacity
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Inbreeding
• Inbreeding- continued breeding of individuals with desired characteristics• Used to maintain desired characteristics of a line
• Problems: greater chance of having two recessive alleles for a genetic defect.
• Ex: dog breeds that have joint problems and blindness
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Increasing Variation
• Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations
• Example: creating bacteria that can digest oil and clean up an oil spill
• Polyploid plants- are usually stronger and larger
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13-2 Manipulating DNA
The tools of molecular biology
Genetic engineering- making changes to the DNA of an organism
What is possible with genetic engineering?
Are there any ethical or moral considerations?
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• DNA extraction- cells are lysed (broken) and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts
• Cutting DNA- restriction enzymes will cut DNA at a certain location• Restriction enzymes comes from bacteria that use
them to protect against foreign DNA
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Restriction Enzymes create sticky ends (ends of a DNA that can bind to other DNA fragments)
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• Separating DNA- done by Electrophoresis
• Electrophoresis- separating DNA fragments based on size by using electricity
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• DNA is slightly negative- it will travel to a positive charge
• DNA is cut into small fragments• The DNA goes through a matrix (agarose or
acrylamide)• The smaller fragments travel faster• Ethidium bromide can be added to see the DNA
fragments with UV light
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Using the DNA sequence
Reading the DNA sequence (DNA sequencing)
DNA is put into a tube with DNA polymerase
Nucleotides are added to the tube
Some of the nucleotides have a tag. If these nucleotides are added to DNA then it stops replicating.
The tag can be radioactive or a florescent dye.
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• Recombinant DNA- combining DNA from different sources• Two different organisms
• Natural DNA with artificially created DNA
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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
• PCR- process of copying a certain segment of DNA. The segment is copied many times.
• Taq polymerase- copies DNA, does not denature at high temperatures
• Primer- short segment of DNA used to begin replication
• Developed by Kary Mullis
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13-3 Cell Transformation
• Transformation- a cell takes in foreign DNA. This DNA is expressed (transcribed and translated) by the cell.
Plasmid- small, circular segment of DNA
Plasmids are useful in transformation.
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Transformation
• Genetic marker- something that distinguishes organisms with a certain DNA
• Antibiotic resistance is a common genetic marker
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Transforming plant cells
• A bacteria can infect a plant and transfer its DNA to the plant cells.
• 1. A certain gene is put into a plasmid.• 2. The bacteria is transformed to accept the
plasmid.• 3. The bacteria infects the plant.• 4. The plant now has the inserted gene and
incorporates it into its chromosomes.
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Transforming animal cells
• Animal cells can be transformed• 1. Inject DNA directly into an egg
• 2. Use a vector (virus) to transfer DNA into a cell
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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
• Luciferase- enzyme that allows fireflies to glow• Luciferase gene was inserted into a plant• The plant glowed
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Transgenic Organisms
• Transgenic- organisms that have genes from other species
• Transgenic bacteria- produce human insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor• Advantages: bacteria reproduce quickly and are easy
to grow
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Transgenic animals
• Mice are given human genes for their immune system to study the effect of various diseases
• Livestock are given extra copies of growth genes to grow faster
• Some animals are given genes to produce certain human proteins.
• Organ donation?
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Transgenic plants
• In 2000, 52% of soy and 25% of corn grown in the US was genetically modified (GM)
• Modified to produce an insecticide and resist weed-killing chemicals
• Other possible modifications: rice with extra Vitamin A
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• Should we genetically modify our plants and animals?
• What are the risks or rewards?
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Cloning
• Clone- an exact genetic copy of another organism
• Do clones exist naturally?
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Is cloning useful?
• Why would you want to clone an animal?
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• 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep, “Dolly”
• Cows, pigs, mice and other mammals have also been cloned
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• 1. Cells taken from donor• 2. An egg from a second
donor has its nucleus removed
• 3. DNA from first donor is inserted into the egg of the second donor
• 4. The egg is grown and inserted into a surrogate mother
• 5. Clone is born