Chapter 12.4 The War Ends - Geneva Area City Schools 12-4 Notes 2013.pdf · Chapter 12.4 The War...

Section 4World War I

Main Idea

After several years of bloody stalemate-and the entry of the

United States into the conflict-the Allied Powers finally prevailed.

The peace, however, proved difficult to establish.

Chapter 12.4 The War Ends

Content Statement/Learning Goal

Explain how militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances were causes of

WWI. **ESSAY**

Explain how advances in technology, communication and transportation

improved lives but also had negative consequences.

Explain how and why oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian

Genocide during WWI.

Section 4World War I Ch 12-4 Vocabulary• Woodrow Wilson:

• U-boats:

• Zimmermann Note:

• Armistice:

• Fourteen Points:

• Treaty of Versailles:

• League of Nations:

• Mandates

• Balfour Declaration

Section 4World War I Ch 12-4 Vocabulary• Woodrow Wilson:28th President of the U.S.; he proposed

the League of Nations after WWI as part of his Fourteen Points.

• U-boats: submarines used by Germans in World Wars I and II

• Zimmermann Note: a telegram sent to a German official in Mexico prior to U.S. entrant into WWI; proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico.

• Armistice: an agreement to cease fighting, usually in a war

• Fourteen Points: President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for organizing post-WWI Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Section 4World War I Ch 12-4 Vocabulary• Treaty of Versailles: (1919) treaty ending WWI;

required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations.

• League of Nations: an international body of nations formed after WWI to prevent future wars. U.S. never joins.

• Mandates: territories once part of the Ottoman Empire that the League of Nations gave to other European powers to rule after WWI.

• Balfour Declaration: a statement issued by the British foreign secretary in favor of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine.


1)What were two factors that led the United States into WWI?

• -German attacks on ships carrying American passengers *sinking of Lusitania: Just an example not an immediate cause.

• -information about a German plan to have Mexico attack the U.S.

• Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Zimmermann Note

Section 4World War I2) What was America’s stance on WWI prior to our entrance to the war? What was Wilson’s 1916 campaign slogan?

• -U.S. had remained neutral in the early years of the war.

• -US public generally supported the Allied forces. Trade partners.

• -Wilson wanted the U.S. to stay out of the conflict

• -1916 slogan, “He kept us out of war” helped to win him re-election.

Section 4World War I3)Read pages 396 +397 and list 4Facts about the sinking of the Lusitania. Why did Germany sink the Lusitania?

• -Germany had engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare

• -under this policy any ship traveling in the waters around Great Britain was subject to attack by a u-boat

• -Germany began to target merchant ships in order to cut supplies of to Britain who relied on these supplies

• -May 1915 Lusitania was sunk as part of this policy

• -Killed 1200 people 120 of which were Americans

• -Germany thought there was supplies on the Lusitania headed for Great Britain- proven to be true later.

• -In August and September of 1915 there were two more American ships sunk.

• -U.S. government complained bitterly about the loss of American lives; fearful of U.S. entrance to the war Germany stopped attacking passenger ships for a time.

Section 4World War I4)Why does the U.S. enter WWI on the side of the Allies after the Zimmerman Note? List 2 Reasons. When does the U.S. enter WWI?

• -After repeated attacks on U.S. shipping the Zimmermann Note finally pushed the US over the edge. US enters the war on the side of the Allied forces.

• -Feb 1917, was a secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to officials in Mexico in which Germany proposed that Mexico attack the United States.

• -in return Germany promised Mexico would gain the U.S. states of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, all of which at one time belonged to Mexico

• -Germans hoped that war with Mexico would keep the US out of war in Europe.

• -Zimmermann Note greatly angered Americans and many called for entering the war against Germany

• -Americans had much more in common with Allied forces common ancestry with Great Britain, shared language and culture

• -Also had strong financial ties to Allies; sold them millions of dollars worth of war goods each week

• -U.S. enters the war in April 6, 1917 on the side of the Allies.


German leaders knew America entering the war would increase the

strength of Allied Powers.

• Wanted to deal decisive blow

to Central Powers before U.S.

had time to ready for war

• Germany launches offensive

after Russian withdrawal

– Russia out by end of 1917

– German troops no longer

needed on Eastern front

– Could launch new offensive in

the west

A New German Offensive

• Launched assault, March 1918

• Advanced within 40 miles of

Paris

• High cost to Germany, lost

800,000 troops

• By June, 1918, U.S. troops

arrived in Europe

• Gave Allies hope, discouraged

Germans

Assault on West

5.The End of the Fighting


• -combining the effective use of aircraft and tanks Allies gained huge chunks of German land

• -October 1918 break through Hindenburg Linefortification in Northeastern France constructed by Russian POW at command of Germans

• -This was the last heavily fortified area for Germans. END WAS NEAR

• -Armistice was signed on November 11,1918US IN WAR A LITTLE OVER YEAR AND A HALF!!

6)When did the Allies break through the Hindenburg Line? When was

an armistice signed?


Hindenburg Line


• Wilson gives Fourteen Points

• Included in 14 Points

• List at least TWO have an idea of

all of them:

• reduction of weapons

• right of people to choose own

government

• Proposed League of Nations

• Protect all nations from

aggression

• Germany was excluded

Wilson’s Vision

7. A Difficult Peace

• Stop Germany from invading other

nations ever again

• Leaders of four major Allies all had

different ideas of peace treaty

• French wanted to punish Germany,

reparations for cost of war. Led by

Geroges Clemenceau.

• British wanted to punish Germany, but

not weaken it. David Lloyd George.

• Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for

his nation. Felt ignored.

• US wanted to ensure peace

• Italy and Japan join Germany as Axis

powers in WWII.

Allied Goals


• Treaty came closer

to Clemenceau’s

version than

Wilson’s

• Germany forced

to pay reparations

• Treaty placed

responsibility for

WWI on Germany

• What about

Russia? Or Austria-

Hungary?

Key points

• Military size limited

• Return conquered

lands to France,

Russia

• German land taken

to form Poland

• Colonies given to

various world

powers

Weaker Germany

• Germany was to sign

or be invaded by

Allies

• Reparations crippled

economy

• Bitterness would

affect German politics

in years to come

• Richest of the losers.

• Russia takes much of

their industrial

equipment.

• Weimar Republic signs

June 28, 1919

German reaction

8. The Treaty of Versailles= German Resentment


German hyper-inflation

Section 4World War I9) The absence of what country greatly weakens the League of Nations?

• -United States

• -meant to increase international cooperation and to keep peace between nations

• -U.S. never ratifies the Treaty of Versaillesfeared it would take US into another overseas conflict

Section 4World War I10)What happens to the Austria-Hungary

Empire?

• -separate negotiations and treaties were made with each of the Central Powers

• - Austria-Hungary was broken apart

• -Independent countries arose; Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia

•


11)What happens to the Ottoman Empire? What was the Zionist Movement?

• -Broken up

• -Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Trans-Jordan, Lebanon

• -turned into mandates: run by European countries

• -Syria, Lebanon controlled by France

• -Palestine and Iraq Britain

• -ZIONIST MOVEMENT Movement in Europe to create a Jewish state in Middle East

• -Balfour Declaration: favored establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, the ancient Jewish Homeland

• **SOURCE OF TENSION IN MIDDLE EAST TODAY WITH WESTERN POWERS!!**


Zionism-Independent Israel

Section 4World War I12) What were the Human Costs, Economic Costs, and Political Changes of WWI? Chart p. 401

• Human Costs

• -8.5 million soldiers dies

• -13 million civilians died

• -21.2 million soldiers were wounded

Political Changes

• -Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire were broken apart

• -Germany Greatly weakened

• -Russian monarchy overthrown

• -New countries and colonies formed in Europe and the Middle East

• -European colonies in Africa and Asia changed hands

Economic Costs

-War cost the

world’s nations an

estimated $332

billion.

Cost Europe role as

dominant economic

region of world


12)

Page

401

Section 4World War ICountry Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties

Africa 55,000 10,000 unknown unknown -

Australia 330,000 59,000 152,000 211,000 64%

Austria-

Hungary

6,500,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 4,820,000 74%

Belgium 207,000 13,000 44,000 57,000 28%

Bulgaria 400,000 101,000 153,000 254,000 64%

Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39%

The Caribbean 21,000 1,000 3,000 4,000 19%

French Empire 7,500,000 1,385,000 4,266,000 5,651,000 75%

Germany 11,000,000 1,718,000 4,234,000 5,952,000 54%

Great Britain 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44%

Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 26,000 11%

India 1,500,000 43,000 65,000 108,000 7%

Italy 5,500,000 460,000 947,000 1,407,000 26%

Japan 800,000 250 1,000 1,250 0.2%

Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 13,000 26%

New Zealand 110,000 18,000 55,000 73,000 66%

Portugal 100,000 7,000 15,000 22,000 22%

Romania 750,000 200,000 120,000 320,000 43%

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 6,650,000 55%

Serbia 707,000 128,000 133,000 261,000 37%

South Africa 149,000 7,000 12,000 19,000 13%

Turkey 1,600,000 336,000 400,000 736,000 46%

USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8%


Human Costs• Nearly 9 million soldiers killed in battle

• Millions wounded, taken prisoner

• Almost an entire generation of young German, Russian, French men died,

were wounded in war

• Deadly outbreak of influenza spread by returning soldiers killed some 50

million worldwide, spring 1918

• War destroyed national economies

• Farmland, cities devastated

• Economic chaos in much of Europe

• Cost Europe role as dominant

economic region of world

• U.S., Japan, others prospered

during war

Economic Costs

• widespread political unrest

• Communist revolution in Russia

• Monarchies in Austria-Hungary,

Ottoman Empire overthrown

• Political, social turmoil would shape

world in years to come

Political Changes

12.The Costs of the War


The United States Enters the War

America starts war by declaring neutrality

• American Neutrality

– American public generally supported Allies

– U.S. remained neutral officially

– Pres. Woodrow Wilson wants U.S. should stay out of world affairs

• Secretly provided arms and supplies to Allies


1.Lusitania

• Initially U-boats attacked only military, merchant ships

• Passenger ship Lusitania sunk, 120 Americans among the dead

• Also contained arms for the Allies

• Germany agreed to warn ships before attacking Sussex Pledge

• Germany hoped to defeat Allied powers before U.S. entered war

1.Trouble on the seas

• Remaining neutral not easy with Germany attacking civilian ships

• German U-boats attack any ship traveling in waters around Britain

• Attacks part of policy called unrestricted submarine warfare


Final push to war

• Repeated attacks on shipping brought U.S. close to war on Germany

• Discovery of Zimmermann Note final push, February 1917

• Secret message from Germany to Mexico

• Germany proposed Mexico attack the U.S. in return for U.S. land

• Promised Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, all once belonging to

Mexico

• Hoped war with Mexico would keep U.S. out of war in Europe

Call for war

• American public called for war against Germany

• U.S. had kinship, financial ties to Great Britain, Allied Powers

• U.S. entered war on side of Allied Powers, April 1917

1. The Zimmermann Note


End of war

• Allied forces broke through Hindenburg Line

• German leaders sought armistice with Allies

• Other Central Powers also admitted defeat, war ended

Germany a defeated force

• Many Germans gave up without a fight

• Began to doubt their own power

• Great turmoil within German ranks

German Collapse


Main goals

• Encourage cooperation, keep peace between nations

• U.S. did not ratify Treaty of Versailles

• U.S. would not join League of Nations weakens effectiveness

Changes in Europe

• Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire lands broken apart

• Independent nations created: Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia,

Czechoslovakia, Turkey

Aftermath


• Movement to create a Jewish

state in the Middle East

• Balfour Declaration favored

establishing Jewish state in

Palestine

• Britain created Transjordan

from Palestine Mandate

Zionist movement

• Former Ottoman lands turned

into mandates territories to

be ruled by European powers

• France- Syria, Lebanon

• British- Palestine, Iraq

• European nations supposed to

control mandates only until they

were able to govern selves

Changes in Middle East

The Middle East


The Costs of the War

Unrest in Colonies

• Many colonists who fought in war heard noble words about importance of freedom, democracy

• After fighting for colonial rulers, expected rights for themselves

• Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms

• European powers split up lands controlled by Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans and redistributed them to other colonial powers

Chapter 12.4 The War Ends - Geneva Area City Schools 12-4 Notes 2013.pdf · Chapter 12.4 The War...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 12.4 The War Ends - Geneva Area City Schools 12-4 Notes 2013.pdf · Chapter 12.4 The War...