Chapter 12 Work And The Workplace. The Importance of Work Source of income Source of pride and...
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Transcript of Chapter 12 Work And The Workplace. The Importance of Work Source of income Source of pride and...
![Page 1: Chapter 12 Work And The Workplace. The Importance of Work Source of income Source of pride and accomplishment Source of identity and self esteem Provides.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649ddf5503460f94ad82ae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 12
Work And The Workplace
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The Importance of Work
• Source of income• Source of pride and accomplishment• Source of identity and self esteem• Provides meaning to life and and is a
major part of our adult identity
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The Industrial Revolution
• The first transformation at the beginning of the nineteenth century
• Rural and small towns• Most were employed in the primary
sector producing raw materials»Farming»Fishing»Forestry»Mining
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The Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial revolution shifted jobs from the primary sector of the economy to the secondary sector
• Transforming raw goods into products»Automobiles »Sewing machines»Furniture
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The Industrial Revolution
• Impact of the industrial revolution• Shift to factory work• Shift of jobs from rural to urban• Immigrants and factory work• Industrialization and prosperity
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The Information Revolution
• The 1950 and the emergence of the tertiary sector
• From factory to service work»Not all workers benefited from
this shift• Invention of the microchip and the
computer• White collar jobs
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Deindustrialzation
• Deindustrialization-decline of industrial production( after1950 )
»Plant closings»Decline in factory jobs»Job displacement »Decline in pay and benefits
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Globalization
• Globalization of the economy-expansion of economic activity around the world with little regard for national borders
»Multinational corporations»Shifting jobs to low wage
countries
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• The Dual Labor Market• Two separate labor markets• 1.Primary labor market-occupations that
provide good pay and extensive benefits to workers
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• The Dual Labor Market• Primary labor market jobs tend to be
»Challenging»Good pay and benefits»More secure»Room for advancement in
one’s career
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• The Dual Labor Market• Examples of primary labor market job
categories»Professionals»Managers and executives»Some high skilled jobs in
factories
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• The Dual Labor Market• Two separate labor markets• 2. Secondary labor market-jobs
»Boring and routine»Low pay and few benefits»Less secure
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• The Dual Labor Market• Examples of secondary labor market job
categories»Retail sales»Telemarketing»Building maintenance»Laborers
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• Dangers to workers• In 1970 the federal government
established OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
»Conducts research on workplace hazards
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• Dangers to workers• Toxic Substances control Act (1976)• Guidelines for handling chemicals in the
workplace• Test for harmful chemicals
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Problems of the U.S. Workplace
• Dangers to workers• Jobs and injuries• Jobs that have the highest risk of death
»Mining»Agriculture»Construction
• Jobs and health• Job related violence
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Workplace Alienation
• Alienation: Marx’s View• Alienation-experience of isolation and
misery from powerlessness in the workplace
• Marx• Work a natural act• Alienation stems from the social nature of
work under capitalism• Capitalism distorts the social nature of work
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Workplace Alienation
• Alienation: Weber’s View• Alienation-depersonalization of the
workplace and of society in general due to modern society’s rational focus on efficiency
• Weber the cause of alienation is the rational nature of the organization of work
»Individuals have become detached from the social and creative aspect of work
» Work has become highly impersonal
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Workplace Alienation
• Alienation: Weber’s View• Rationalization of society led to the
industrial revolution• Rational modes of action replaced
tradition and custom
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MacDonaldization and the Rise of “McJobs”
• George Ritzer and MacDonaldization• MacDonaldization- defining work in four
principles• 1.Efficiency• 2.Predictability• 3.Uniformity• 4.Controlling workers through automation
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MacDonaldization and the Rise of “McJobs”
• Characteristics of the McJobs (Jobs)»1.Work that involves simple
tasks»2.Work that provides little
satisfaction»3.Work that is predicable and
repetitive»4.Work that has become
machine driven»5.Work that is dehumanizing
to the worker • Workers become automatons
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The “Temping”of the Workplace
• Deindustrialization and the growth in part-time workers
»Low pay»No benefits»Little control over their work
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Unemployment
• Reasons for Unemployment• About four to five percent
unemployment may be normal»New to the work force
entering for the first time»In between jobs
• Economic downturn
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Who is at Risk for Unemployment?
• Less educated• Racial and ethnic minorities• Young
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Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
• Just entered into better jobs• Las hired first fired• Institutional discrimination – bias
built into the operation of the economy, education and other social institutions
»Secondary labor market»Under representation of women
and minorities in higher education
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Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
• The Glass Ceiling- barriers ( often invisible) that prevent minorities from moving up in an organization
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Workplace Segregation
• Workplace is segregated by race and gender
»Minorities concentrated in the least desirable jobs
• Labor Unions• Labor unions-worker organizations that
seek to improve wages and working conditions through various strategies, including collective bargaining and strikes
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Labor Unions
• Labor unions are a recent development• U.S. Government and the labor
movement of the 1930’s»Railway Labor Act»Norris-La Guardia Act»National Labor Relations Act
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Labor Unions
• Union membership grew from 1930 and peaked in the 1970’s
• Since 1970’s decline in union membership until just recently
»Function of structural change a shift from factory jobs to the non union service sector
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Telecommuting
• Telecommuting- linking employees to the office using information technology, including telephones,fax machines, and e-mail
»Function of the information revolution
• Telecommuting blurs the distinction between home and work
• Telecommuting and gender discrimination and work
• Worker isolation
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Workplace Isolation
• Computer technology reduces the need for face to face interaction
»Workers are connect by information networks
»Social and physical separation and isolation of workers and clients from one another
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Controlling Employees
• Computer technology and controlling the behavior of workers
• Keeping an eye on the employee• “Deskilling” Work• Technology and the loss of skills
necessary to perform one’s job»Machines replace human skill
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Structural-Functional Analysis: Finding a New
Equilibrium• Structural- functional paradigm-
interrelatedness of social institutions• Impact of technology on established
social patterns• How information technology is shaping
the nature of work and other social institutions
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Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: The Meaning of
Work• Symbolic –Interaction paradigm- the
social construction of work• Meanings that people attach to work
and work relationships
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Social-Conflict Analysis: Work and Inequality
• Social-conflict – focus is on how inequality impacts work in society
• How work reflects the interest of the upper-class
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Conservatives: The Virtues of the Market
• Free-market with a minimum of government regulation
• Downturns are temporary and people will be allocated to where the jobs are
• Individuals should take responsibility for their economic and job well-being
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Liberals: The Need for Government
• Free- market with government regulation to insure all interests are taken care of
• Government aid for education and job training
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Radicals: The Need for Fundamental Change
• The free-market is the source of economic and worker related problems
• The end of capitalism and the emergence of socialism as the answer to economic and worker related woes