Fundamental Difference between Urban People Movement and Urban Goods Movement
Chapter 12: The Movement of Goods and People
Transcript of Chapter 12: The Movement of Goods and People
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Islamic
Empires Spiritual, Religious, and
Cultural Flowering
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Let’s Review: Arabian peninsula Origin
Mecca was a pre-Islamic pilgrimage center – the Ka’ba
Muhammad
1st revelations – 610 CE – dictations of the Quran from “Allah”
Five Pillars of Islam:
1. Shahada – profession of faith
2. Salat – prayer 5X day
3. Zakat – alms giving
4. Ramadan - fasting
5. Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca
6. *Jihad* – “struggle”
1. Great - internal struggle v. Lesser - Only self-defense, warfare/versus
Hijra – Spread/Migration of Islam to Medina (Muhammad)
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Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Islam held together M.E world.
Creation of Umma (community of believers)
1st caliph (elected) Abu Bakr (c.632)
Expansion of Dar al-Islam
Singular language of politics, literature , daily life, etc.
Copied Byzantine/Persian Empires
Opulent court life, monumental architecture and a bureaucracy
Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (c.661) moved the capital moved to
Damascus (Syria) Umayyad Caliphate established
Like all Empires-overextension and taxation issues led to Civil War and fall
of Caliphate
Sunni-Shia division (7th Century)
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Growth of Umma Much of N. Africa “conquered” by 711
Conversion of Berbers: Semitic N. Africans
Assimilation through intermarriage.
By mid 8th Century- Arab conquest of Spain
732* Battle of Tours – Halts expansion Westward
Charles “the Hammer” Martel
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Abbasid Caliphate c. 750–1258
Named for Muhammad’s uncle – Abbas
Caliphs chosen through heredity bloodline of the Prophet
Capital moved to newly built Baghdad
Ruled heterogeneous peoples - Urged non-Muslims to
convert
Nestorian Christians, Jews and others
played a major role in administration/military
Maintained good (polt.) relationships with locals
Rotation of officers to prevent corruption
Regularized/Equalized taxes No “favoritism”
Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850.
Territories in dark green were lost early on.
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Problems Facing Abbasids Recruiting troops (loyalty problems) Similar to Romans
Mamlūk: Slave troops (Turks)
Rulers became increasingly remote / secular Corruption became widespread locally.
Similar to the 3rd Century Crisis in Rome
Stray from Islamic ideals Erosion of core values (equality and simplicity)
Numerous revolts led to a fracturing of the caliphate
Abbasid Clan (N. Iran) – held power in name until 1258.
Caliph executed by grandson of Chinngis Khan
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Islamic Achievements:
Philosophy
European Dark Ages = neglect of intellectual
achievements.
Many in the West more concerned with survival at
the start of the Dark Ages.
Christians/W. European scholars are indebted to
Muslims.
Preserved/translated Hellenistic traditions and
other classics
Córdoba (Spain) Center of learning and
equality.
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Islamic achievements:
History Ibn Khaldun 1332-1406
Universal (Cyclical) Theory of History:
Differences between people arise principally
from the differences in their occupation
Ibn Battuta (1304 – 69)- Considered one of the greatest
travelers of all time.
Marco Polo of the Muslim world
1. Settlement
2. Culture 3. Content
4. Conquered
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Islamic achievements:
Math, Astronomy, and Medicine
Arabic = language of scholarship
“Arabic numerals” - Adapted, Hindi numerals, decimal system, number zero
Algebra (al-jabr) “restoration”
Heliocentric (Copernican) Theory [16th century] - based upon Arab astronomical findings
Cannon of Medicine – Ibn Sina
Herbal remedies, functioning of organs, fevers, surgery
“Cannon of Medicine and Book of Healing” - Influenced medical science for 300 years
Avicenna – Ibn Sina
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City Design and Architecture
Baghdad = Largest city in world (outside China)
500,000 people (25 sq miles)
Religious architecture – mosques.
1325 - Mosque of Djenné
1632 - Taj Mahal (India)
(Outside time period)