Chapter 12: The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 1: The Union Dissolves …here we go…

Chapter 12: The Civil War Chapter 12: The Civil War (1861-1865)(1861-1865)

Section 1: The Union DissolvesSection 1: The Union Dissolves

……here we go…here we go…

Last Attempts at CompromiseLast Attempts at Compromise(How well has compromise worked up to this point?)(How well has compromise worked up to this point?)

When President Lincoln took office in When President Lincoln took office in 1861, the nation stood on the brink 1861, the nation stood on the brink of collapse.of collapse.

Seven southern states had already Seven southern states had already seceded from the Union.seceded from the Union.– South CarolinaSouth Carolina - Georgia- Georgia– MississippiMississippi - Louisiana- Louisiana– FloridaFlorida - Texas- Texas– AlabamaAlabama

The Crittenden CompromiseThe Crittenden Compromise Senator John J. Crittenden proposed Senator John J. Crittenden proposed

extending the old Missouri extending the old Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.– Territories in the North would be free, and Territories in the North would be free, and

those in the South would be slave.those in the South would be slave. Lincoln quickly rejected this idea.Lincoln quickly rejected this idea. Why?Why?

– Opposition to the spread of slavery had united Opposition to the spread of slavery had united the Republican Party.the Republican Party.

– The Republicans may have turned on Lincoln if The Republicans may have turned on Lincoln if he supported the expansion of slavery.he supported the expansion of slavery.

– Lincoln did support protecting slavery where it Lincoln did support protecting slavery where it already existed.already existed.

Lincoln’s Own Words…Lincoln’s Own Words…

““My paramount object in this My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it struggle is to save the Union, and it is is notnot either to save or destroy either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing without freeing anyany slave, I would do slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing it, and if I could save it by freeing allall the slaves, I would do it, and if I the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing some and could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do leaving others alone, I would also do that.”that.”

Lincoln’s ViewLincoln’s View

As President, Lincoln felt bound to As President, Lincoln felt bound to enforce the Constitution in every enforce the Constitution in every state, even those that had already state, even those that had already left.left.

Fort SumterFort Sumter

The Confederacy began taking over The Confederacy began taking over many federal forts, mints, and many federal forts, mints, and arsenals in the seceded states.arsenals in the seceded states.

Ft. Sumter, in South Ft. Sumter, in South

Carolina, remained Carolina, remained

under Union control.under Union control.


This fort lay at a very strategic This fort lay at a very strategic location in the harbor of Charleston, location in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.South Carolina.

The South needed the fort in order to The South needed the fort in order to control access to this major port city.control access to this major port city.


In early March 1861 the fort’s In early March 1861 the fort’s commander, Major Robert Anderson, commander, Major Robert Anderson, sent word to Washington, D.C. that sent word to Washington, D.C. that he was nearly out of supplies, and he was nearly out of supplies, and

without reinforcements without reinforcements

the fort would fall to the fort would fall to

the Confederates.the Confederates. A little help here, Abe?


The North did not want to lose the fort.The North did not want to lose the fort.– Why?Why?

Lincoln did not want to use force Lincoln did not want to use force against the Confederacy, and make against the Confederacy, and make the first move.the first move.

Lincoln decided to send unarmed re-Lincoln decided to send unarmed re-supply ships to the fort.supply ships to the fort.– What do you think Lincoln’s reasoning was What do you think Lincoln’s reasoning was

behind this decision?behind this decision?


Lincoln sent word to South Carolina Lincoln sent word to South Carolina governor F.W. Pickens that the governor F.W. Pickens that the supply ships were on their way.supply ships were on their way.

Southern General Southern General

P.G.T. Beauregard ordered P.G.T. Beauregard ordered

the federal troops at the the federal troops at the

fort to evacuate.fort to evacuate. Major Anderson refused.Major Anderson refused.

Fort SumterFort Sumter At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861 the At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861 the

Confederate forces opened fire on Confederate forces opened fire on Fort Sumter.Fort Sumter.

The fort was The fort was bombed for 34 bombed for 34 hours before hours before Anderson formally Anderson formally surrendered the surrendered the fort to the fort to the Confederates.Confederates.


On April 15, 1861, Lincoln publicly On April 15, 1861, Lincoln publicly called for the states to provide 75,000 called for the states to provide 75,000 soldiers each to put down the rebellion.soldiers each to put down the rebellion.

The recruits were told that they would The recruits were told that they would only be required for three months of only be required for three months of service.service.

Lincoln may have underestimate Lincoln may have underestimate things…things…



……what just happened?what just happened?

Choosing SidesChoosing Sides After the fall of Fort Sumter, four After the fall of Fort Sumter, four

more southern states joined the more southern states joined the Confederacy.Confederacy.

Arkansas, North Carolina, Arkansas, North Carolina,

Tennessee, and Virginia Tennessee, and Virginia

responded to Lincoln’s responded to Lincoln’s

call for troops by call for troops by

seceding from the Union.seceding from the Union.

Choosing SidesChoosing Sides

Four other slave states – Delaware, Four other slave states – Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri – Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri – remained in the Union.remained in the Union.– Delaware – had few slaves and identified Delaware – had few slaves and identified

more with the Northmore with the North– Kentucky and Missouri – both states Kentucky and Missouri – both states

severely divided on the issueseverely divided on the issue– Maryland – Lincoln used federal troops Maryland – Lincoln used federal troops

to keep Maryland in the Union.to keep Maryland in the Union. Why was Maryland so important to the Why was Maryland so important to the

Union?Union?

Choosing SidesChoosing Sides The mountainous counties of The mountainous counties of

northwestern Virginia remained loyal northwestern Virginia remained loyal to the Union as well.to the Union as well.

People there had few slaves.People there had few slaves. They set up their own government, They set up their own government,

and in 1863 a new state was and in 1863 a new state was admitted to the Union.admitted to the Union.– What was it?What was it?


Many families in the border states Many families in the border states would be torn apart by the war.would be torn apart by the war.– One son of Kentucky Senator John One son of Kentucky Senator John

Crittenden became a Union general, and Crittenden became a Union general, and the other became a Confederate the other became a Confederate general.general.

– President Lincoln’s wife, Mary Todd, was President Lincoln’s wife, Mary Todd, was a southerner by birth. She had four a southerner by birth. She had four brothers who fought in the Confederate brothers who fought in the Confederate army.army.

Original SecededStates (1860)South Carolina

AlabamaFloridaGeorgia

LouisianaMississippi

Texas

Seceded in 1861Arkansas

North CarolinaTennessee

Virginia

The ConfederacyThe Confederacy


The Union – (North)The Union – (North) The Confederacy The Confederacy (South)(South)

The Blue The Grey

Comparing North and SouthComparing North and South

Resources of the North and South in 1861Resources of the North and South in 1861

ResourcesResources NorthNorth SouthSouth________

Total PopulationTotal Population 22,000,000 22,000,000 9,000,000 9,000,000 (3,500,000 are (3,500,000 are

slaves)slaves)

Bank DepositsBank Deposits $189,000,000 $189,000,000 $47,000,000$47,000,000

Railroad MileageRailroad Mileage 20,000 miles20,000 miles 9,000 miles9,000 miles

Number of FactoriesNumber of Factories 100,500 100,500 20,600 20,600

The UnionThe UnionStrengthsStrengths

large population of large population of available soldiersavailable soldiers

controlled 85% of the controlled 85% of the nation’s industry – could nation’s industry – could produce military supplies produce military supplies and replace lost or and replace lost or damaged equipment damaged equipment faster than the faster than the ConfederacyConfederacy

controlled the majority of controlled the majority of the railroads in the U.S., the railroads in the U.S., and manufactured most and manufactured most of the nation’s railroad of the nation’s railroad equipmentequipment

most of the U.S. Navy most of the U.S. Navy remained loyal to the remained loyal to the UnionUnion

WeaknessesWeaknesses the issue of slavery the issue of slavery

will divide the Northwill divide the North the North has to fight the North has to fight

on the offensive – that on the offensive – that is, attempt to conquer is, attempt to conquer about 750,000 square about 750,000 square miles of territorymiles of territory

the North will have a the North will have a difficult time finding difficult time finding good, qualified good, qualified military leadershipmilitary leadership

The ConfederacyThe ConfederacyStrengthsStrengths

the South is united in its the South is united in its causecause

the South will fight a the South will fight a defensive war – it must defensive war – it must only protect its territory only protect its territory until the North becomes until the North becomes tired of the wartired of the war

the South will have the South will have excellent military excellent military leadershipleadership

WeaknessesWeaknesses small population of small population of

available soldiersavailable soldiers contained almost no contained almost no

industry – most industry – most Southern wealth was Southern wealth was in land and slavesin land and slaves

railroads were short railroads were short and disconnected, and and disconnected, and the South could not the South could not replace broken or replace broken or worn-out parts or worn-out parts or equipment quicklyequipment quickly

had almost no naval had almost no naval ships or experienced ships or experienced naval officersnaval officers

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee

One of the South’s One of the South’s greatest advantages greatest advantages was having this man was having this man as commander.as commander.

He fought in the He fought in the Mexican War.Mexican War.

He led the troops He led the troops that captured John that captured John Brown at Harper’s Brown at Harper’s Ferry.Ferry.

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee As the southern As the southern

states began to states began to secede, U.S. General secede, U.S. General Winfield Scott Winfield Scott advised Lincoln to advised Lincoln to offer command of the offer command of the Union forces to Lee.Union forces to Lee.

Lee opposed slavery Lee opposed slavery and secession, but and secession, but stated that he could stated that he could not fight against not fight against Virginia.Virginia.

““With all my devotion to With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have American citizen, I have not been able to make up not been able to make up my mind to raise my my mind to raise my hand against my hand against my relatives, my children, relatives, my children, my home. I have my home. I have therefore resigned my therefore resigned my commission in the Army, commission in the Army, and save in defense of and save in defense of my native State – with my native State – with the sincere hope that my the sincere hope that my poor services may never poor services may never be needed – I hope I may be needed – I hope I may never by called on to never by called on to draw my sword.”draw my sword.”



……who’s fighting?who’s fighting?

The Armies The Armies

Lee eventually led the South’s army.Lee eventually led the South’s army. By the end of 1861:By the end of 1861:

– Union – 527,000 soldiersUnion – 527,000 soldiers– Confederacy – 258,000 soldiersConfederacy – 258,000 soldiers

Most were between the ages Most were between the ages

of 18-29, with drummer of 18-29, with drummer

boys as young as 9.boys as young as 9.

The ArmiesThe Armies(in total) (in total)

The Union:The Union:

– 2,672,341 – army2,672,341 – army

3,530 American Indians3,530 American Indians 180,000 African Americans180,000 African Americans

– 105,962 – navy or marines105,962 – navy or marines

The Armies The Armies (in total)(in total)

The Confederacy:The Confederacy:

– 750,000 – army750,000 – army

– 5,500 American Indians5,500 American Indians Many were lured to fight for the Many were lured to fight for the

Confederacy with the promise of an Confederacy with the promise of an all-Indian state after the war was over.all-Indian state after the war was over.

Onto the battles…Onto the battles…

Naming Civil War battlesNaming Civil War battles– UnionUnion

named battles based on the nearest named battles based on the nearest run, stream, creek, ridge, mountain, run, stream, creek, ridge, mountain, or natural featureor natural feature

– ConfederacyConfederacy named battles based on the nearest named battles based on the nearest

town or villagetown or village

The First Battle of Bull RunThe First Battle of Bull Run

General Scott (U) General Scott (U) believed his troops believed his troops needed several needed several months training.months training.

Despite that, Lincoln Despite that, Lincoln ordered General Irvin ordered General Irvin McDowell to take McDowell to take 35,000 barely trained 35,000 barely trained troops to Richmond, troops to Richmond, VA in mid-July 1861.VA in mid-July 1861.


Gen. McDowell’s forces never Gen. McDowell’s forces never reached Richmond.reached Richmond.

On July 21, 1861, 35,000 Confederate On July 21, 1861, 35,000 Confederate troops met the Union troops troops met the Union troops

near Manassas Junction, a near Manassas Junction, a

railroad crossing.railroad crossing. The Confederates were led by The Confederates were led by

General Joseph Johnston.General Joseph Johnston.


The Union will do well in this battle – The Union will do well in this battle – at first.at first.

Then, Confederate Then, Confederate

Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Gen. Thomas “Stonewall”

Jackson led a charge Jackson led a charge

toward the Union lines.toward the Union lines. The Union retreated back The Union retreated back

to Washington, D.C.to Washington, D.C.


Casualties:Casualties:– Union: 2,950Union: 2,950– Confederacy: 1,750Confederacy: 1,750

This battle will be a This battle will be a

victory for the South.victory for the South.

Chart of the Leading Battles of Chart of the Leading Battles of the Civil War (1861-1865)the Civil War (1861-1865)

Battle:Battle: Manassas IManassas I Date:Date: July 21, 1861July 21, 1861 Theater:Theater: EasternEastern Union Commander:Union Commander: Gen. McDowellGen. McDowell Confederate Commander:Confederate Commander: Gen. J.E. Gen. J.E.

JohnstonJohnston Victor:Victor: ConfederateConfederate Significance:Significance: Both sides begin to Both sides begin to

prepare for a longprepare for a longwar.war.

The AftermathThe Aftermath

The events of this battle led many to The events of this battle led many to realize that this war would go on realize that this war would go on longer than a few months.longer than a few months.

Each side began to seriously train its Each side began to seriously train its forces and plan a strategy.forces and plan a strategy.


President Lincoln President Lincoln named General named General George McClellan to George McClellan to head the Union forces.head the Union forces.

President Davis President Davis named Joseph named Joseph Johnston to lead the Johnston to lead the Army of Northern Army of Northern Virginia, and chose Virginia, and chose Robert E. Lee as his Robert E. Lee as his advisor.advisor.


The most important consequence The most important consequence may have been psychological.may have been psychological.– How so?How so?

The defeat shamed and shocked the The defeat shamed and shocked the North.North.

The South claimed superiority.The South claimed superiority.– Is it superior?Is it superior?


Battle:Battle: Fort SumterFort Sumter Date:Date: April 12-14, 1861April 12-14, 1861 Theater:Theater: EasternEastern Union Commander:Union Commander: Major AndersonMajor Anderson Confederate Commander:Confederate Commander: General General

BeauregardBeauregard Victor:Victor: ConfederateConfederate Significance:Significance: Opening of the Civil Opening of the Civil

WarWar


Battle:Battle: Manassas IManassas I Date:Date: July 21, 1861July 21, 1861 Theater:Theater: EasternEastern Union Commander:Union Commander: Gen. McDowellGen. McDowell Confederate Commander:Confederate Commander: Gen. J.E. Gen. J.E.

JohnstonJohnston Victor:Victor: ConfederateConfederate Significance:Significance: Both sides begin to Both sides begin to

prepare for a longprepare for a longwar.war.

Chapter 12: The Civil War (1861-1865) Section 1: The Union Dissolves …here we go…

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