Chapter 12: SolutionsTim Yun, Hanna Webster, Kira Zelnosky

Key Terms #1Homogenous mixture: A mixture that

has uniform structure or composition

throughout. Examples: Milk, Salt water, Gasoline,

Alloys.

Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture that is

composed of dissimilar components. Examples: A bowl of Fruit Loops cereal,

Smog.

Key Terms #2Solute: the substance that dissolves in

solvent. Examples: Sugar, Salt.Solvent: the substance in which the

solute dissolves. Examples: Water, EthanolSolution: A homogeneous mixture of

substances.Examples: Milk, Salt water.

Key Terms #3Suspension: a mixture in which

particles of a material are more or less evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or gas

Ex: muddy waterColloid: a mixture consisting of tiny

particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and those in suspensions that are suspended in a liquid, solid, or gas

Ex: mayo, gelatin, foam

Key Terms #4Dilute: a solution containing a relative

small quantity of solute as compared with the amount of solvent.Ex: bleach, vinegar.

Concentrated: the amount of of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore.

Key terms #5Unsaturated solution: a solution that

contains less solute than a saturated solution does and that is able to dissolve additional solute.

Saturated solution: a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions.

Supersaturated solution: a solution that holds more dissolved solute than required to reach equilibrium at a given temperature.

Factors That Affect Rate Of Solution FormationStirring: disperse solute particles and

bring fresh solvent into contact with solute surface-reaction increase.

Surface area: if surface area increased, reaction is increased because dissolution process occurs at surface of solute.

Temperature: solvent molecules move faster and arrange kinetic energy increases, temperature increases, and reaction increases.

Concentration: as concentration increases, the rate of solution formation increases.

Solubility Curve1. Which substance is the most soluble at 30 C?2. How many gramsof Lithium sulfate canbe dissolved in 100g of water at 60 C?3. What compound showsa decrease in solubility from 0 C to 60 C?

Solubility Curve Answers1. Potassium Nitrate2. 32 g3. Lithium sulfate

Molarity by DilutionM1 x V1 = M2 x V2

What molarity in a solution of 70mL would be created from the dilution of 55mL of 17M liquid?

55mL/1000= .055L

70mL/1000= .07L

(.055L)x(17M)=(.07L)x(M)13.4M =M

Molarity by Dilution Practice1) How much concentrated 20M sulfuric

acid is needed to prepare 300mL of a 5.0M solution?

2) How much water would need to be added to make a 2L flask of the solution?

Molarity by Dilution Answers1) V= .075L2) 1.925L of water

MolarityMolarity = moles of solute

liter of solution

The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in each liter of solution

MolarityWhat is the molarity of a solution in

which 20. g of AgNO3 is dissolved in 600. mL of solution?

20g AgNO3 x 1 mol AgNO3 = .118 mol AgNO3

169.8 g AgNO3

600. mL x 1L = .6 L1000mL

.118 mol AgNO3 = .20 M

.6 L

Molarity Practice1. What is the molarity of a solution in

which 34g of NaCl are dissolved in 1.0L of solution?

2. What is the molarity of a solution in which 23g of KNO3 are dissolved in 800.mL of solution?

Molarity Answers1. M = .58 M2. M= .28 M

MolarityHow many grams of NaCl should be used

to prepare 3.00L of a .500 M solution?

.500 M = moles3.0 L

moles = 1.5 moles

1.5 mol NaCl x 58.5 NaCl = 87.8 g NaCl

1 mol

Molarity Practice Problems1. How many grams of KNO3 should be

used to prepare 5.00 L of a .700 M solution?

2. How many grams of AgNO3 should be used to prepare 10.00L of a .500M solution?

Molarity Answers1. 35.4 g KNO3

2. 849 g AgNO3

MolalityMolality (m) = moles of solute

kilograms of solvent

Number of moles of solute dissolved in each kilogram of solvent.

Molality What is the molality of a solution if 150g

of KCl is dissolved into 400.g of water?150g KCl x 1 mole KCl =.67 mole KCl

74.54g KClm= .67 moles = 1.7m

.4Kg H2O

Molality Practice Problems1. What is the molality of a solution if

250. g or NaCl is dissolved into 350.g of water?

2. What is the molality of a solution if 300. g of (NH4)3PO4 is dissolved into 350. g of water?

Molality Answers1. 12.0 m2. 3.00 m

MolalityWhat mass of KCl must be dissolved in

750g of water to make a 4.00m solution?3m= x moles of KCl = 2.25 moles of KCl

.75 Kg H2O

2.25 moles of KCl x 74.54g KCl = 168g of KCl

1 mole KCl

Molality Practice Problems1. What mass of CaCl2 must be dissolved

in 350. g of water to make a 5.00m solution?

2. What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 400. g of water to make a 2.00m solution?

Molality Answers1. 194 g of CaCl2

2. 46.8 g of NaCl