Chapter 12: Solutions and other complex forces Many of the forces we’ve talked about occur between...
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Transcript of Chapter 12: Solutions and other complex forces Many of the forces we’ve talked about occur between...
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Chapter 12: Solutions and other complex forces
• Many of the forces we’ve talked about occur between ions/molecules in solutions
• Definition: A homogeneous mixture (only one phase)
• Examples: saltwater, tap water, gemstones, brass, air
• Made up of a solvent and a solute:Solvent: the substance present in the larger amount.
Solute: the other substance
• Dissolving depends on attractive forces and entropy
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What we’ll cover:
• Definitions
• Control of Solubility
• Things that effect solubility
• Concentration units
• Colligative properties
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Solutions
• There is a maximum amount of any solute that will dissolve in a given solvent
• If less than the maximum has been added, solution is unsaturatedIf the max or more than the max has been added, solution is saturatedCan also have Supersaturated solutions
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a solvent.
• Many units of concentration:molarity (mol/L), weight % (g/g), ppm (mg/L)
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SolubilityIf a solute will dissolve in a solvent, it is soluble.
Some solutes have limits,
some are infinitely soluble in a solvent.
Sugar: 200 g in 100 mL water at 20 ºCEthanol: infinitely soluble in waterGases are infinitely soluble in one another
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Trends and Control of Solubility
General rules: 1. polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents2. nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents
“Like dissolves Like”
Oil and water don’t mix: is oil polar or nonpolar?
You try: which of these will dissolve in water?
CH3OH CH3CH3 NH3
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Trends and Control of Solubility
What controls Solubility:
Enthalpy (enthalpy of solution)
Negative if new forces are stronger than original forces
Entropy
Depends on the entropy change of both the water and the solute.
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Effects of Polarity
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Why do Proteins Fold?
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Without lipids, you’d fall apart.
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What holds DNA together?
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DNA, H-Bonding, and Entropy
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Laundry!
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