Chapter 12 Section 3 Notes
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Transcript of Chapter 12 Section 3 Notes
Chapter 12 Section 3Chapter 12 Section 3Notes Notes
The War at HomeThe War at Home
Pages 368-374Pages 368-374
Mobilizing the NationMobilizing the Nation
• Government set up programs to– Finance the War– Conserve Scarce
Resources– Redirect Industry and
Labor toward Wartime production
– Mobilize support through propaganda
Directing the EconomyDirecting the Economy
• William McAdoo Sec. of Treasury– Raise money to
pay for the war• Cost $35 billion
including loans to Allies
• Issued 4 Liberty Bonds and Victory Bond drives
Increased taxesIncreased taxes
• Increased taxes on Business and Personal incomes in October 1917
• Raised $10 billion
War BoardsWar Boards
• Established war boards which coordinated government, business, and industry
• Sweeping power without complete control
• Set prices• Set production levels• Regulated crucial businesses
Conserving ResourcesConserving Resources
• Food Administration
– Headed by Herbert Hoover• Regulate the production and supply of food
– Encourage increased agricultural production • To stimulate production guaranteed high
prices• 921 million bushels produced in 1919
• Conserve existing food supplies– Wheatless days and meatless days– Plant “victory gardens”
Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration
• Harry Garfield– son of James Garfield former president
• Heatless Monday’s• When coal ran short
in 1918 closed factories east of Mississippi for several days
Organizing IndustryOrganizing Industry
• Railroad Administration– William McAdoo leader
• Reorganized railroads with limits on transportation rates and workers wages
War Industries Board (WIB)War Industries Board (WIB)
• Led by Bernard Baruch– Responsible for
• Allocating scarce materials• Establishing production priorities• Setting prices
– Preferred to get owners to cooperate but threat of takeover when necessary
• Some thought government intervention would damage free enterprise system but changed minds when profits soared
Mobilizing WorkersMobilizing Workers
• Organized Labor–Because of draft and slower
immigration workforce decreases• Industry has a shortage of labor
–Unions take advantage of situation• 4500 strikes involving 1 million
workers in 1917 alone
National War Labor Board (NWLB)National War Labor Board (NWLB)• Forms in April 1918
• Arbitrates disputes between workers and employers
• 1200 cases heard– usually rule in favor of union
• Because of success of unions membership in AFL grows to 3.2 million in 1919
Labor ShortageLabor Shortage
• Strengthened unions and brought changes in workforce
• Number of women in workforce grows by 6% to 1.5 million during war
Wartime MobilizationWartime Mobilization
• Carrie Chapman Catt– headed Women’s Committee of the Council of National Defense
• Harriet Stanton Blatch– headed Food Administration Speakers Bureau
• Womens efforts in wartime helped secure passage of 19th Amendment– gave them the right to vote
• Wilson supports passage in recognition of their efforts
VolunteerismVolunteerism
• Americans voluntarily – Conserved energy– Recycled essential materials– Planted “Victory Gardens”– Purchased Liberty and Victory Bonds
Juliette Gordon LowJuliette Gordon Low
• Founded Girl Scouts of America in 1915
• Grew from 500 girls in 1915 to 168,000 in 1927
Great Trek NorthGreat Trek North
• Mexicans were fleeing Revolution in Mexico in the late 1910’s
• Also were workers in Southwest U.S.
• 150,000 migrated north to U.S. during the war
Great MigrationGreat Migration
• Southern Blacks moved north to work in industrial jobs
• Fleeing discrimination and poor living conditions in the South
• Better standard of living
• Racial violence still a problem
• July 2, 1917 East St. Louis– white rioters kill at least 39 blacks
Influencing AttitudesInfluencing Attitudes
• Committee on Public Information (CPI)
• Formed in Spring of 1917 and led by George Creel