Chapter 12 File Management Systems. Chapter goals Describe the components and functions of a file...
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Transcript of Chapter 12 File Management Systems. Chapter goals Describe the components and functions of a file...
Chapter goals Describe the components and functions
of a file management system Compare the logical and physical
organization of files and directories Explain how secondary storage
locations are allocated to files and describe the data structures used to record those allocations
Chapter goals cont. Describe file manipulation operations,
including open, close, read, delete, and undelete operations
List access controls that can be applied to files and directories
Describe security, backup, recovery, and fault tolerance methods and procedures
File Management Systems FMS is implemented in layers like
the OS Command layer or application
program File control Storage I/O control Storage devices
FMS Layers Storage devices – corresponds with
hardware layer of OS Interacts with the bus and with
operating system device drivers to transfer data between storage devices and memory
FMS layers Storage I/O control – accesses storage
locations and manages data movement between storage devices and memory
Part of OS kernel Its software modules include
Device drivers for each storage device or device controller
Interrupt handlers Buffers and cache managers
FMS layers cont. File Control – provides a set of service functions for
manipulating files and directories Processes service calls from users and applications Maintains directory and storage allocation data
structures used to locate files and their associated physical locations
Command layer or application program – users perform common file management functions such as copying, moving and renaming
Logical vs. physical view Logical Storage Views – viewed by
users are a collection of files organized within directories and storage volumes
Physical Storage Views – a collection of physical storage locations organized as a linear address space
Logical vs. physical view of a file File is subdivided into records Record usually contains
information about a single customer, thing such as a product in inventory, or an event
Records are divided into fields Fields are individual units of data
Logical vs. physical Logical file structure is independent
of its physical implementation Logical file structure “ignores”
Physical storage allocations – records can be stored in separate file locations
Data access methods Data encoding methods
File content and type A file is a collection of data created by an
applications The format of that information is called
the file type A file can store many different data types
including text, numbers, complex data structures, and executable instructions
Modern file management systems provide a framework to support additional file types
File type File type normally is declared when
a file is created In the UNIX file management
system, the file type is stored within the directory. In the Windows file management system, the file type is declared through the extension
Registered Windows File Types In windows the extension of a file can
be associated (connected) to a specific application
When you open a file associated with an application, that application is started and the file is opened in the associated application
Show associated file types – control panel, folder options
Directory content and structure Files are organized into directories Some directories are created and
maintained by software Windows directories Directories associated with
applications User can also create and maintain
directories
Directory content Directories in windows are organized in
a hierarchy Directory information includes:
Name File type Location Size Ownership Access controls Time stamp(s)
Show directory information for C drive
Directory Content and Structure Typical file ownership permissions are:
Create Read Update delete
Time stamps include: When the file was created When the file most recently was read When the file most recently was written When the file last was backed up
Hierarchical Directory Structure Windows directory structure is
hierarchical Directories can contain other
directories (called sub-directories) Directories can not have more
than one parent Sometimes called a tree structure
(draw picture)
Storage allocation Users and applications programs
continually create and change files When files are created they must
be given space in storage When files grow they must be
given additional space When files shrink unneeded space
must be released
Allocation units Allocation unit is smallest unit of
space that can be allocated to a file Allocation units cannot be smaller
than system data transfer unit Data transfer unit is called a block Block sizes range from 512 bytes to
4 KB in multiples of 512 bytes
Allocation units cont. Is a multiple of block size, i.e.
equal to 4 blocks, 8 blocks, etc. Size of allocation unit is optimized
to use space efficiently
Storage allocation tables FMS maintains a table of storage
allocation units Records which units belong to
which file Records which units are available
(free) In windows this table called File
Allocation Table or FAT
Sample allocations of files The next three slides show 3 files,
how their storage is allocated, and how FMS records location of allocation units
Storage units are said to be “chained together” using pointer
Each unit contains reference (pointer) to next unit in the list
Blocking and buffering A logical record is a collection of
data items, or fields, that is accessed by an application program as a single unit
A physical record is the unit of storage transferred between the device controller and memory in a single operation
Blocking and buffering Most of the time the logical size of a
record does not equal the physical allocation unit
When several logical records are grouped
within physical records that is called blocking
Individual logical records grouped together into one unit called a block
Blocking and buffering cont. Simplifies data transfer between
drive and memory Then OS must extract individual
records from the allocation unit block
If a physical record contains just one logical record, then the file is said to be unblocked
Buffer Buffer is storage area in memory
where blocks of records from drive are copies
Buffer is used to extract individual records from a block
Operations on files There are setup requirements that
need to be executed whenever a file is first requested by an application and when that file is not longer needed
These operations are called File open File close
File open When an application requests a
file, the FMS must do the follow: The file must be located on the
storage device Ensure that application has right to
access this file Allocates one or more buffers Updates internal table of open files
File close When application sends request to
close a file, FMS does the following: Flushing the program’s I/O buffers to
secondary storage De-allocate buffer memory Update directory entry time stamp Update file open table
Delete and Undelete Operations In most file management systems, files
are not removed immediately from secondary storage when they are deleted
The file’s storage allocation units are marked as free and its directory entry is marked as unused
A user might be able to use the undelete operation to recover the file
Recyling bin in windows allows files to be undeleted
Access controls A File Management System helps
prevent loss, corruption and unauthorized access to files
The operating system is used to identify and authenticate users and their processes
The file access is authenticated through id’s and passwords
Access control For Example:
UNIX defines three access control types:
Read Write Execute
Internet web sites – you can read pages but not change them (unless you are a hacker)
FMS Backup options Full Backup – the FMS copies all files
and directories for an entire storage volume
Incremental Backup – only the files that have been modified are archived
Differential Backup – only the changed portions of the files are archived
Summary The file management system (FMS), usually
a part of the operating system, manages all aspects of user and program access to secondary storage
With directories, users can organize the thousands of files stored in a typical computer system
Secondary storage units are divided into allocation units, which are typically a few kilobytes in size