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  Key Terms :

Globalisation: The growing interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and

variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and throughthe more rapid and widespread diffusion of capital (IB definition).

Internationalism: The extension of economic activities across national boundaries. This is often referred

to as the stage before globalization.

Glocalisation: When TNCs adapt their products to suit the local market place e.g. McDonald in India

won't sell beef and in the Middle East they won't sell pork because of the religious beliefs of locals.

Grobalisation: The imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations and organisations to impose

themselves on various geographic areas.

Nationalism: Refers to an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on

the nation.

Global Village: The term global village was popularised by Marshall McLuhan in 1962. He used it to refer

to how the world had been contracted into a village by electric technology.

Homogenisation: The process of everything become the same. Critics of globalisation say that

globalisation is making the world more homogenised.

Cultural Diversity: The increased variety of different cultures from around the world e.g. different foods,

music, film, etc.

Disneyfication, Mcdonaldisation, Toyotarisation: Various TNC names have been used to describe theprocess of globalisation and that particular company taking over a large share of the global market

place.

Anti-capitalism: A broad term that is given to any challenge to capitalism.

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The KOF index of Globalisation 

The KOF index is a score each country is given out of 100, the higher the number themore Globalised the country is considered to be.

The KOF Index of Globalization measures the three main dimensions of globalization:

  economic

  social

  and political.

In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, we calculate an overall indexof globalization and sub-indices referring to

  actual economic flows

  economic restrictions

  data on information flows

  data on personal contact

  and data on cultural proximity.

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How useful is the KOF index?

Although the KOF index can give us an idea of overall globalization, it has got some critics, particularly

about the accuracy and relevancy of the data. Criticisms include:

Measures like international letters per capita are very dated. Most people now use e-mail because it is

quicker and cheaper. Also trade in newspapers is slightly dated, more and more people now access

there news via the internet. Again trade in books is also becoming dated as more people buy e-books or

visit libraries and borrow.

Anything to do with trade can be hard to measure because many countries do not know the true size of

their informal economy (black market). Many black markets are actually involved in globalized trade e.g.

human trafficking, smuggling of wild animals and drugs.

Measuring foreign populations can be hard because of inaccurate record keeping and illegal immigrants.

Countries like the US have millions of unaccounted immigrants.

It is hard to calculate the true number of internet users. Many people don't have a home computer but

access the internet at their workplace or in internet cafes.

Some countries are small and don't have many embassies and instead rely on embassies and consulates

in neighbouring countries e.g. Monaco will use embassies in France, other countries share embassies

e.g. Commonwealth countries like New Zealand and Australia

Some countries choose to stay neutral and not join international organisations e.g. Switzerland - this

does not mean they are any less globalized.

Some countries have a large number of domestic tourists, but not many international. In large countries

domestic tourists can actually be very ethnically and culturally diverse, but this is not recognised.(Greenfield Geography)

There is also an argument whether it is good or bad to be at the top or bottom of the globalisation list.

Some people may say it is good because there is cultural diversity and that you have access to people

and products from around the world. Others may argue that this is a bad thing because your culture is

being lost and that your country is possibly becoming more homogenised.

Core and Periphery

The world can be perceived as a core / periphery dichotomy where core countries are characterized by

high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a convergence of trade flows. The core has a

level of dominance over the periphery which is reflected in trade and transportation. Accessibility ishigher within the elements of the core than within the periphery. Most of high level economic activities

and innovations are located at the core, with the periphery subjugated to those processes at various

levels. This pattern was particularly prevalent during the colonial era where the development of

transport systems in the developing world mainly favored the accessibility of core countries to the

resources and markets of the periphery, a situation that endured until the 1960s and 1970s. The semi-

periphery has a higher level of autonomy and has been the object of significant improvements in

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economic development (China, Brazil, Malaysia, etc.). The accessibility of the semi-periphery also

improved, permitting the exploitation of its comparative advantages in labor and resources.