Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod...
-
date post
20-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod...
![Page 1: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 12-13 –DNA and How Genes Work
![Page 2: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• What is transforming agent? DNA or protein?
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
![Page 3: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
![Page 4: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• DNA carries the heritable information
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty conclusion
1944
![Page 5: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hershey and Chase
Martha Cowles Chase
Alfred Day Hershey
![Page 6: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hershey and Chase
Bacteriophage: viruses that infect bacterial cells
![Page 7: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hershey and Chase
![Page 8: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Genetic material in virus was DNA• DNA is agent of heredity
Hershey and Chase conclusion
INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONS OF VIRAL PROTEIN AND NUCLEICACID IN GROWTH OF BACTERIOPHAGE*
B~ A. D. HERSHEY AND MARTHA CHASE(From the Department of Genetics, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring
Harbor, Long Island)(Received for publication, April 9, 1952)
The work of Doermaml (1948), Doermann and Dissosway (1949), and Anderson and Doermann (1952) has shown that bacteriophages T2, T3, and T4 multiply in the bacterial cell in a non-infective form. The same is true of the phage carried by certain lysogenic bacteria (Lwoff and Gutmann, 1950). Little else is known about the vegetative phase of these viruses. The experimentsreported in this paper show that one of the first steps in the growth of T2 is the release from its protein coat of the nucleic acid of the virus particle, after which the bulk of the sulfur-containing protein has no further function.
![Page 9: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DNA – just what is it?
![Page 10: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsMonomers =
nucleotides
Polymer = DNA, RNA
![Page 11: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DNANucleotide
(monomer)
4 bases
![Page 12: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DNA
“double helix”
![Page 13: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DNA
![Page 14: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A - TG - C
![Page 15: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DNA
“double helix”
A - T G - C
![Page 16: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)
X-ray crystalography
![Page 17: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Structure of DNA
Watson and Crick
1953
![Page 18: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Watson and Crick (1953)
![Page 19: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Replication
Expression
DNA
![Page 20: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DNA Replication
![Page 21: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DNA Replication
![Page 22: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DNA Replication
![Page 23: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DNA Replication
![Page 24: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
DNA Replication
![Page 25: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DNA Replication
![Page 26: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
DNA
Information stored in order of the bases
![Page 27: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
+/- 1200 copies
![Page 28: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Central Dogma of Cell Biology
DNA (gene)Protein
![Page 29: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
GENETICS: TA TUM AND BEADLEGENETIC CONTROL OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NEUROSPORA:
AN "AMINOBENZOICLESS" MUTANT*By E. L. TATUM AND G. W. BEADLE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, STANFORD UNIVERSITYCommunicated April 17, 1942
Para-aminobenzoic acid has recently been recognized as a factor required for the growth of a number of micro6rganisms' and as a member of the vitamin B group.2 One of the number of x-ray induced mutants of Neurospora crassa, obtained as described elsewhere,' is characterized by the loss of ability to synthesize p-aminobenzoic acid. This "aminobenzoicless“ mutant is differentiated from normal by a single gene, is unable to grow on unsupplemented synthetic medium, but its growth is indistinguishable from normal when p-aminobenzoic acid is supplied.
Each gene codes for a specific and unique protein
1958 – Nobel Prize
One-Gene/One-Polypeptide Hypothesis
![Page 30: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Central dogma of molecular biology
![Page 31: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Extracting and using the information
Two Steps:
1. 2.
![Page 32: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Extracting and using the information
The information
![Page 33: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Extracting and using the information
An intermediate
![Page 34: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Extracting and using the information
The product
![Page 35: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Translation – constructing a protein
DNA mRNA
proteintranscrip
tion
translatio
n
![Page 36: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Transcription
DNA copied into mRNA
![Page 37: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
mRNAsingle-stranded
U instead of T
![Page 38: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Translation – constructing a protein
DNA mRNA
proteintranscrip
tion
translatio
n
![Page 39: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Instructions are coded in the order of the bases
![Page 40: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
20 amino acids
Protein is a polymer of amino acids
Instructions are an ordered list of amino acids in protein
![Page 41: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Each ‘word’ in the DNA-RNA vocabulary is 3 ‘letters’ long
One “word”
![Page 42: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Each ‘word’ in the DNA-RNA vocabulary is 3 ‘letters’ long
A ‘word’ is called a codon
![Page 43: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Triplet Codon: group of 3 bases that specifies an amino acid
![Page 44: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Genetic Code
-Redundant -Not ambiguous-Stop codons-AUG - start-Universal (nearly)
Marshal W. Nirenberg
![Page 45: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Dictionary
![Page 46: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Punch tape
![Page 47: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Ribosome
mRNAtRNA
![Page 49: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
tRNA brings in the amino acides
![Page 50: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Translation
![Page 51: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Translation
![Page 52: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Translation
![Page 53: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Translation
![Page 54: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Translation
![Page 55: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Translation
![Page 56: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Universal (nearly)
![Page 61: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Reading frames
![Page 62: Chapter 12-13 – DNA and How Genes Work. What is transforming agent? DNA or protein? Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d445503460f94a21785/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
the red dog ate the bug
Reading frames
her edd oga tet heb ug