Chapter 11.1

• Types of Waves• Vocabulary

terms: wave, medium, mechanical wave, electromagnetic wave, transverse wave, longitudinal wave

Flow of Energy, not Mass

Vibrations

Vibration or an oscillation - the motion of an object that regularly repeats itself, back and forth, over the same path.

Understanding Waves

• Transverse Waves - displacement is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave

:

T ra ns ve rs e w a ve s L o ng itud ina l w a ve s

Mechanical w aves

T ra ns ve rs e w a ve s

Elec tromagnetic w aves

WA V E S

Longitudinal or Transverse?

Compression Waves

Sound Waves

Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the frequency of sound the pitch.

Electromagnetic Waves

Special Things About a Light Wave

• It does not need a medium through which to travel

• Its highest velocity is the speed of light, c, equal to 300,000 km/sec (or 3 X108 m/s)

• The frequency (or wavelength) of the wave determineswhether we call it radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray or gamma-ray.

SURFACE WAVES

• SURFACE WAVES The water drops go in circles. Waves in the ocean are an example of surface waves.

Rayleigh waves are surface waves generated by earthquakes

Movement of water molecules:

Characteristics of

WavesVocabulary terms: crest,

trough, amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, wave speed, Doppler effect

Wave Speed

Wavelength is distance between peaks

Frequency is number of peaks per second going past a point in the water

Frequency depends on wavelength and how fast the wave moves!!!

speed wavelength frequency

Wave Properties

Wavelength

Wavelength: The distance between identical points on the wave.

Amplitude A

Amplitude: The maximum displacement A of a point on the wave.

A

PERIOD

• wave period :

• the time that elapses between the passage of two successive wave crests past a fixed point

• Ex. if frequency is 17, means 17 waves passed in a second, so each wave has

• a period of 1/17 of that second.

Echolocation

Dolphins produce high frequency clicks. These sound waves bounce off objects in the water and return to the dolphin in the form of an echo.

Chapter 11.3

• WAVE INTERACTIONS

• Vocabulary terms: reflection, diffraction, refraction, interference, constructive interference, destructive interference, standing wave.

• Transmission of energyTransmission of energy• ReflectionReflection• RefractionRefraction• DiffractionDiffraction• Interference Interference

A travelling wave is reflectedreflected when it hits a barrier.

This phenomenon can easily be observed when a travelling waterwave hits a reflector in the ripple tank.

Reflection of WavesReflection of Waves

Reflectedwaves

Reflectedwaves

Reflector

Reflection

Wave Reflection

• Think of arrows pointing in the direction of the wave motion

• We can trace the path of these arrows

Angles Equal

Wave Reflection

Acoustics of room design is very interesting. Need some reflections to “liven” the room. Too many reflections and the sound gets mushy. Look in a concert hall or auditorium to see the different sound treatments

Wave Refraction

Diffraction of WavesDiffraction of Waves

When a travelling water wave hits an obstacle, the wave fronts spreads out round the edge and becomes curved. This phenomenon refers to diffraction..

The wavelength of the wave is not changed in diffraction.

Interference of WavesInterference of WavesWhen two or more waves propagating in the same medium meet at the same point, interference interference is said to occur. A stable interference pattern can be observed when two water waves of same frequency meet one another in a ripple tank.

+=

Interference

• Constructive interference – the waves combine into a bigger wave.

• Destructive – one wave subtracts – so you get a smaller wave.

Wave Interference

Wave Interference

Standing Waves

• Recall from the discussion of wave interactions that waves can be reflected when they encounter a boundary. When that happens, the wave flips over and heads back in the opposite direction. So far, so good.

• Now suppose that a whole series of waves are introduced into the medium. The incoming waves will meet up with the reflected waves. The result might be a jumbled mess. But if the frequency of the wave is just right, an interesting pattern will emerge.

• Some points on the medium will move up and down with very large amplitudes. These are called ANTINODES. Other points on the medium will not move at all. These are called NODES. This pattern we are describing is called a STANDING WAVE

Standing Waves

• If a standing wave is established in a rope, and Frieda the fly were sitting on a node, she would not feel the rope move. On the other hand, her boyfriend Frankie the flea who's sitting on an antinode,

will be in for the ride of his life.

Guitar Strings