Chapter 11 The Physical Geography of Europe. Section 1: The Land Terms to KnowPlaces to Locate Dike*...
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Transcript of Chapter 11 The Physical Geography of Europe. Section 1: The Land Terms to KnowPlaces to Locate Dike*...
![Page 1: Chapter 11 The Physical Geography of Europe. Section 1: The Land Terms to KnowPlaces to Locate Dike* North Sea Polder* Iberian Peninsula Glaciation* Balkan.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ce25503460f949ae31e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 11The Physical Geography of Europe
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Section 1: The Land
Terms to Know Places to Locate• Dike * North Sea• Polder * Iberian Peninsula• Glaciation * Balkan Peninsula• Fjord * Alps• Loess * Rhine River
What you will learn in this chapter?• Europe’s important land formations• Rivers, mountains, plains, islands & peninsular features
• Important natural resources
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Section 1: The Land• Europe and Asia share landmass• Eurasia• Unlike other continents
• Europe – 2nd smallest of continents• After Australia
• Europe – distinct region• Juts westward from Asia has unusual long, irregular coastline• Touches many bodies of water• Atlantic Ocean• Baltic sea• North Sea• Mediterranean Sea• Black Sea
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Struggle with the SeaMost of Europe lies within 300
miles of seacoast◦Shaped lifestyles of people
The Netherlands – water is friend or foe◦25% of country lies below sea level
Dutch built dikes to hold back water◦Large banks of earth and stone
Reclaimed new land from sea
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Struggle with the SeaReclaimed new land from sea
◦Polders – reclaimed landsOnce drained and kept dry by
windmills◦Today – other power sources run
pumps to remove seawaterPolders provides lands for
farming and settlement◦Sometimes stormy seas breach dikes
& create floods
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The Northern PeninsulasEurope is large peninsula made of
smaller peninsulasScandinavian Peninsula – far northGlaciation – process where
glaciers form and spread over peninsula
Glaciers carved out long, narrow, steep-sided inlets – fjords (fee * AWRDZ)◦Atlantic coastline
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The Northern PeninsulasMost of Norway and n. Sweden is
mountainousS. Sweden – lowlands slope to
Baltic SeaNorway, Sweden and Finland – Ice
Age glaciers left behind thousands of sparkling lakes
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The Northern PeninsulasJutland – peninsula that forms
mainland of Denmark and extends into North Sea (toward Norway & Sweden)
Glaciers deposited sand & gravel on Jutland’s flat western side◦Carved fjords in the higher coastline
on eastFlat lands or low hills – most of
Jutland’s interior
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The Southern PeninsulasIberian Peninsula – SW edge of
Europe◦Home of Spain and Portugal
Separates Atlantic Ocean form Mediterranean Sea
Strait of Gibraltar – separates southern tip from Africa◦20 miles of water
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The Southern PeninsulasMost of peninsula is semiarid
plateau◦Rises above coastal plains
In north – Pyrenees (PIHR * uh * NEEZ) Mountains cut off peninsula from rest of Europe◦Result – people of peninsula isolated
from rest of Europe & oriented towards the sea
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The Southern PeninsulasApennine (A*puh*NYN) Peninsula – Italy is
located there◦Extends into Mediterranean Sea◦Like a giant boot
Coastline varies from high, rocky cliffs to long, sandy beaches
Apennines – mountain chain that includes an active volcano – Mount Vesuvius◦Near city of Naples
Plains cover 1/3 of area◦Largest fertile plain of Lombardy◦Along Po River in north
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The Southern PeninsulasBalkan peninsula – se Europe
◦Bounded by Adriatic and Ionian Seas on west & Aegean/Black Seas on east
◦Made up of mountain ranges and valleys stretch southward from Danube River
◦Travel difficult b/c of craggy landscape
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Europe’s IslandsEurope has many islands
◦Iceland – located south of Arctic Circle in N. Atlantic Ocean Lies along Mid-Atlantic Ridge Has volcanoes, hot springs and geysers
◦Glaciers found next to volcanoes & hot springs Due to Iceland’s northern location
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Europe’s IslandsHomes and industries – most
located in capital of Reykjavik (RAY*kyah*VEEK)◦Pipe in water from hot springs for heat
Coast made up of grassy lowlandsLand rises sharply to form inland
plateau
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Europe’s IslandsBritish Isles – nw of European
mainland◦Two large islands
Great Britian & Ireland
◦Thousands of smaller islandsN. and W. G.B. – mountain ranges,
plateaus and deep valleys S. G.B. – low hills & gently rolling
plains
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Europe’s IslandsIreland – called “Emerald Isle”
◦Lush green land of cool temps and lots of rainfall
◦Rugged coastline of GB feature rocky cliffs dropping to deep bays
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Europe’s IslandsIslands – south of European
mainland◦In Mediterranean Sea
Rugged mountains form larger islands:◦Sicily, Sardnia, Corsica, Crete &
CyprusVolcanic & earthquake in region
◦Mt. Etna – highest active volcano – rises over Sicily
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Europe’s IslandsSmaller islands in Med. Sea
◦Balearic Islands (Spain)◦Malta (5 islands)◦Greece (2,000 islands – Aegean Sea)
Draws tourists b/c of scenic, rugged landscape
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Mountains and PlainsMainland consists of plains
interrupted by mountains◦run through interior◦Along northern and southern edges
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Mountain RegionsNorthwestern mountains
◦Ancient rock formations◦Rounded by eons of erosion and glaciation◦Low peaks
Ben Nevis – highest mountain in British Isles – 4,406 feet
Central Uplands◦ Iberian Peninsula to eastern Europe◦Low, rounded mountains◦High plateaus◦Scattered forests
Include Meseta (Spain’s central plateau) and Massif Central (France central highlands)
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Mountain RegionsSouthern Europe
◦Geologically younger mountains◦High & jagged
Pyrenees Mountains formed by crust lifting and folding◦Thrust upward to 11,000 feet
Alps formed by glaciation and folding◦Forms crescent from s. Europe to Balkan
Peninsula Highest peak – Mont Blanc – 15,771 feet on
border of France and Italy
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Mountain RegionsMajor rivers originate in Alps
◦Rhine and PoAlps form barrier that separates
warm, dry climate of Mediterranean region from cooler climates of north
Carpathian Mountains – towering mountain chain◦Runs through eastern Europe from
Slovakia to Romania
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Plains RegionsBroad plains curve around highlandsNorth European Plain – stretches
from SE England and W. France eastward to Poland, Ukraine and Russia
Fertile soil & wealth of rivers drew farmers to area◦Plain still major agricultural region◦Southern edge very fertile b/c deposits of loess Fine, rich, wind-borne soil that covers area
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Plains RegionsDeposits in North European Plain
include coal, iron ore and other minerals◦Led to western Europe’s industrial
development in 1800s◦Today many large cities located on plain
Paris & Berlin
Great Hungarian Plain – from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia, Romania◦Cultivate gains, fruit and vegetables in area◦Also raise livestock in lowlands along Danube
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Water SystemsMany water systems flow from
inland mountain and highland areas to coasts
Connect navigable rivers with canals◦Enhanced natural waterways as
transportation links◦Rivers & canals also provide water to
irrigate farmland and produce electricity
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Water SystemsRivers have differing
characteristics◦Scandinavia – rivers short & do not
provide easy connection b/w cities◦Iberian Peninsula – main rivers too
narrow and shallow for large slips◦Thames River (TEHMZ) – in England
– allows ocean going ships to reach port of London
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Water SystemsHeartland of Europe
◦Long rivers provide links b/w inland areas as well as to sea
◦Rhine – most important river in western Europe Flows from Swiss Alps through France &
Germany into Netherlands Connect many industrial cities to
Rotterdam Busy port on North Sea
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Water SystemsDanube River – flows from
Germany’s Black Forest to Black Sea◦Eastern Europe’s major waterway◦Every year – millions of tons of cargo
carried on river by ships & bargesMain (MYN) River – tributary of
Rhine◦b/c connected to Danube in 1992◦Main-Danube Canal completed◦Linked North Sea with Black Sea
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Water SystemsOther major European Rivers:
◦France: Seine, Rhone, Loire◦Germany: Elbe, Weser◦Poland: Vistula◦Italy: Po◦Ukraine: Dnieper
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Natural ResourcesLong history of utilizing natural
resources◦i.e. energy sources, agricultural areas,
water and mineralsAbundant supply of coal & iron ore
◦Fueled development of modern industry
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Natural ResourcesCoalMajor reserves in U.K., Germany,
Ukraine and PolandMany coalfields depleted or expensive
too mine◦Western Europe
Iron OreLarge deposits in n. Sweden, ne
France and s. UkraineOther mineral resources:
◦Bauxite, zinc, manganese
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Natural Resources• Fuel is scarce – in some countries• Burn peat • Vegetable matter found in
swamps and usually composed of mosses
• Dug up, chopped into blocks and dried so it can be burned
• Mostly rely on coal, oil, gas and nuclear/hydroelectric power• Large deposits of oil and natural gas
under North Sea• Contribute to energy needs
• France – no oil or gas reserves• Nuclear power
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Section 2: Climate & Vegetation
Terms to Know Places to LocateTimberline Gulf StreamFoehn North Atlantic DriftAvalancheMistralSiroccoChaparralPermafrost
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Water and LandClimates and vegetation varyCold, barren tundra & subarctic
land of Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland
Warm, shrub-covered Mediterranean coasts of Italy, Spain and Greece
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Water and LandWhat determines climate in Europe?
◦Northern latitude and relation to seaW. and S. Europe – lie near/along large
bodies of water◦Benefit from warm maritime winds◦Mild climate compared to other places in world
at same latitude i.e. Paris and Boston – same distance from Arctic Circle Jan. temps of Paris milder then Boston
E. and N. Europe – colder climate than rest of Europe◦Due to distance from warming effects of Atlantic
Ocean
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Water and LandLocation influences vegetation in
Europe◦Natural vegetation varies from:
forests and grasslands Tundra and small shrubs
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Western EuropeMarine West climate – most of W.
Europe◦Mild winters, cool summer, abundant
rainfall◦Gulf Stream in Atlantic Ocean and North
Atlantic Drift (northern extension of Gulf Stream) Bring warm waters to area from Gulf of
Mexico/regions near equator
◦Warm, most air blow across surface of Europe Due to prevailing westerly winds
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Trees and HighlandsW. Europe – varieties of deciduous
and coniferous trees◦Deciduous trees thrive in marine west
coast climate◦Coniferous trees found in cooler Alpine
mountains up to timberline Elevation above which trees can’t grow
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Trees and HighlandsAlps – highland climate
◦Colder temps and more precipitation then lowland areas
◦Sudden changes can occur with foehns (FUHNZ) winds Dry winds that blow down from mountains
into valleys and plains
◦This wind can trigger avalanches Destructive masses of ice, snow and rock
sliding down mountainsides
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Ireland’s ForestsRegion originally covered by forestsVegetation transformed due to human
settlement and clearing of land◦ i.e. prior 1600s – midlands of Ireland covered
with forests of broad-leaved trees◦Afterwards – forests depleted due to
agriculture pressure and large-scale harvest of trees for firewood
1922- Ireland gained independence – only 1% of country woodland◦Woodlands building backup ◦Due to state-funded deforestation projects
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Peninsulas of EuropePeninsulas – itself a peninsula of Eurasia, Europe
is characterized by the number of peninsulas that are found there. The most significant peninsulas are:A. Iberian Peninsula – Spain and Portugal B. Italian Peninsula – ItalyC. Jutland Peninsula – DenmarkD. Scandinavian Peninsula – Norway, Sweden, and
Finland Fjords are steep U-shaped valleys that connect to the sea
and that filled with seawater after the glaciers from an Ice Age melted.
E. Balkan Peninsula – Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia & Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, and Bulgaria (among others)
F. British Isles – England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland
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A
B
C
D
E
F
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Southern EuropeMediterranean climate
◦Warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters
Other climates found in small area◦i.e. humid subtropical climate from N.
Italy to central Balkan PeninsulaParts of Spain’s Meseta h- dry,
steppe climate
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Southern EuropeAlps – block moist Atlantic winds
◦Less precipitation in S. EuropeWinds in region can cause changes
in normal weather patterns◦Mistral – strong north wind from Alps
Sends gusts of bitterly cold air into S. France
◦Siroccos – high, dry winds from N. Africa Bring high temps to area
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Eastern & Northern EuropeClimate mostly humid continental
◦Cold, snowy winters and hot summers◦Atlantic currents – less influence in area
Farther away from Atlantic Ocean
Summer & winter temps vary more then rest of Europe
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Eastern & Northern EuropeEastern Europe – mix of deciduous
and coniferous forests◦Coniferous trees – survive long, cold
winters Found in parts of Scandinavia and Baltic Sea
region
Grasslands – cover other parts of this area◦Esp. Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania
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Eastern & Northern EuropeFar N. Europe – such as Iceland, n.
Scandinavia and Finland◦Subarctic and tundra climates
Bitterly cold winters and short, cool summers
◦Permafrost – soil that is permanently frozen below surface
◦Little vegetation except mosses and small shrubs and wildflowers