CHAPTER 11 MOUNTAIN BUILDING
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Transcript of CHAPTER 11 MOUNTAIN BUILDING
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CHAPTER 11 MOUNTAIN BUILDING
Roots: Erg = work (energy)Aesth = feeling (aesthetic)Ethno = race (ethnic)Eu = good (euphoria)Ex = out (exit)Extra = outside (extraterrestrial)Fact = make (artifact)Fer = carry (ferry)Fid = faith (confide)Flect = bend (deflect)
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CH. 11.1 ROCK DEFORMATIONMostly happens at Plate Boundaries.
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Deformation = all changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body.
What affects whether a rock will deform?:• temperature• confining pressures• rock type• time
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Temperature & Pressure
Brittle Deformation
• Deform when near the surface.• Deform under lower temperatures and
pressures.• Break instead of folding.
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Temperature & Pressure
Ductile Deformation
• Deform at depth.• Deform under higher temperatures and
pressures.• Fold, bend and flatten.
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Rock Type
Rocks like granite and basalt that are made of strong
structures usually fail by brittle deformation.
Rocks made of weaker sedimentary rocks usually fail by ductile deformation.
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Time
Forces that are unable to deform rock at first may be able to affect a change over long periods of time.
For example, marble benches have been
known to bend under their own weight over
hundreds of years.
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TYPES OF STRESS!
Compressional Stress = rocks are squeezed.
Tensional Stress = rocks are pulled apart.
Shear Stress = rocks are distorted.
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Types of Folds
Monocline = step-like Anticline = arching
Syncline = trough-like
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Monocline, Anticline, or Syncline? You decide!
MonoclineSynclineSyncline
Anticline
SynclineAnticline
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Faults
Normal = hanging wall drops Reverse = hanging wall lifts
Thrust = reverse of < 45o Strike-slip = horizontal movement
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Joints = no movement
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CH 11.2 Types of Mountains
FOLDED MOUNTAINS
Formed primarily by folding.Most often associated with compression.
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Fault-Block Mountains = large scale normal faults
GrabenHorst
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Dome Mountains = circular or elongated structure produced by upwarping.
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Basin = circular shape produced by downwarping.
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CH 11.3 Mountain Formation
Mountain Buildinghttp://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=318
Mostly convergent boundary formations.
Accretion = when crustal fragments collide with a continental plate and become stuck to or embedded into the plate.
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Himalayan MountainsFormed when India collided with southern Asia
GoogleEarth all the way down and show Mt Everest from above and side views.
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Google earth mid atlantic ridge go all the way to the base and turn up then scan horizon
Divergent Mountains = mountains built at divergent boundaries
Example: Mid-Atlantic ridge
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Continental Accretion - Terranehttp://www.geology.um.maine.edu/geodynamics/analogwebsite/UndergradProjects2005/Perry/html/introduction.html
Terrane = crustal fragment that has a geologic history distinct from the rocks around it.
Figure 16Pg 322
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Isostasy = the gravitational balance of floating continental plates.
Floating block interactive animationhttp://www.ikswonad.com/portfolio/index.php?show=isostasy
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Mountains of the World
Rockies
Andies
Himalayas
AppalachiansAlps
Urals
Zagros
Atlas
Great Dividing Range
AlpsAndies
Appalachians
AtlasGreat Dividing Range
RockiesUrals
ZagrosHimalayas