Chapter 11 Jacksonian America

CHAPTER 11JACKSONIAN AMERICA

• Andrew Jackson• From log cabin to mansion• became the first president from a state west of the

original thirteen• Lawyer, judge, land speculator, politician, Indian

fighter, and planter• Championed the causes of the common people• became the symbol of the age and of Americanism

Chapter 11 – Jacksonian America pp. 194-198

• Jackson and the Spoils System• spoils system: rewarded friends and

followers with government positions• disadvantages

• produced inefficiency and corruption• aided the growth of political machines


• result• set a negative precedent for government

job distribution• abolished by the Civil Service Act of 1883


• Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet• “Kitchen Cabinet”

• a group of close friends that served as his informal advisors


Reformers during the Jacksonian era launched crusades to free slaves and give

women more rights.


• Attitudes and Policies regarding Indians• Indians viewed as foreign, not citizens of

the U. S.• Indians not viewed as people created in

God’s image• causes

• lack of understanding• wanted their land


• actions• signed treaties and sent them west• Indian Removal Act: gave the military the

power to move the Indians by force


• Trouble in the South• 1833: The Creeks, Choctaws, and

Chickasaws had been moved to lands west of the Mississippi.

• Cherokees: refused to give up their lands


• Worcester v. Georgia: The court ordered Georgia to release Worcester and ordered Jackson to send in troops to protect Cherokee lands. • Involved Indians’ and states’ rights

• Treaty of New Echota: gave the U.S. government possession of the Cherokee lands


• Trail of Tears, 1838: the forced removal of the Cherokees to Oklahoma


• The Black Hawk War• Sauk and Fox tribes (led by Black

Hawk) were forced to relocate to Iowa.• When they returned to Illinois to

search for food, they were attacked by the state militia.

• War went into Wisconsin


• Bad Axe Massacre: Militias killed most of Black Hawk’s army.


One of the most important issues during the Jackson presidency was the issue of

states’ rights.


• Tariff Troubles• revenue tariff: a tariff designed to

raise money


• Reasons for Tariffs• protective tariff: protected American

businesses and manufacturers from foreign competition, but also raised the price of foreign goods


• factors affecting development of northern industry• abundant rivers (energy source)• available capital (money)• abundant labor supply


• The Tariff of Abominations• 1824: increased the tariff and put

more products on the list• 1828: “tariff of abominations”


As cotton prices dropped, production costs rose, which Southerners blamed on

the high tariff.


• The Defense of States’ Rights• John C. Calhoun

• leader defender of states’ rights• promoted the idea of nullifying tariffs• Not the first to present the idea of

nullification


• Webster vs. Hayne• the South and West unite: The South

supported a cheap land policy in exchange for western support of tariff reform.


• Robert Y. Hayne, SC: defended the concept of nullification and states’ rights

• Daniel Webster, MA: attacked nullification point by point, carefully defending the Constitution and the federal union


• Calhoun and Jackson Clash• Jackson was offended by Calhoun’s

behavior toward Peggy Eaton.• Jackson came to her defense.• Calhoun resigned the vice-presidency, and

Martin Van Buren succeeded him.• Calhoun led the fight for states’ rights in the

Senate.


• A Time of Crisis• tariff of 1832

• gained some support in the South and West because it was a bit lower than the 1828 tariff

• retained high tariffs on textiles and iron


• Ordinance of Nullification: nullified the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and threatened to secede (leave the Union) if the government used force• Issued by South Carolina

• Force Bill: granted Jackson the right to use force to enforce laws


Compromise of 1833: would gradually lower the tariff over the

course of ten years to under 20%


• The central issue in the election of 1832 was the future of the National Bank.• Henry Clay- for the bank• Andrew Jackson- against the bank


• Jackson’s Clash with Biddle• Nicholas Biddle

• Philadelphian, president of the Bank of the United States

• wanted the Bank to be rechartered; therefore he gave loans to Jackson supporters


• President Jackson• disliked banks and thought that the federal

government had too much power• viewed National Bank as unconstitutional• used the jealousies of the state banks and

others opposed to the Bank to kill its recharter• bill passed Congress, but Jackson vetoed it


• Jackson and the “Pet Banks”• In an effort to kill the National Bank,

Jackson withheld funds and instead deposited tax revenue in state banks (“pet banks”).


• Biddle responded by calling in loans owed by state banks, which caused many state banks to fail.

• To counteract the bank failures, Biddle began lending money which caused massive inflation.


• Distribution Bill: gave money to state governments to be used on internal improvements in order to stimulate the economy


• The Specie Circular• Jackson’s solution for inflation• required gold or silver to be used in

the purchase of government lands


• 1. What new party appeared in the election of 1836?

• 2. Who did Jackson choose as his successor? Hint: This man won the Presidential election of 1836.

Pop Quiz over pp. 205-209

• 3. Who did Jackson appoint as chief justice of the Supreme Court after John Marshall’s death?• A. William Henry Harrison• B. Roger B. Taney• C. Daniel Webster• D. Hugh L. White


• 4. Who was the first President to die in office?

• 5. What two-word term refers to a President during the time between the election and leaving office?

• Bonus: What treaty determined the boundary between the U.S. and Canada?


• 1. The Whig Party• 2. Martin Van Buren• 3. B. Roger B. Taney• 4. William Henry Harrison• 5. lame duck• Bonus: Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Answers to Pop Quiz over pp. 205-209

• The Jacksonian Legacy• increased the power of the presidency• defended the Union on certain issues,

deferred to the states on others


• The Election of 1836• Whigs: new political party

• issues• supported the National Bank, a protective tariff,

and internal improvements• more openly concerned with religion and morals• Protestants, not Catholics and Episcopalians• Viewed slavery as sinful


• candidates• Hugh L. White• William Henry Harrison• Daniel Webster• Tried to send the election to the House of

Representatives• Democrats: nominated Martin Van Buren


Chapter 11 – Jacksonian America p. 206

• The Van Buren Years• faced an economic depression• proposed an independent treasury

system that would consist of a number of federal vaults and depositories and did not rely on private banking


• made changes to the Supreme Court• Chief Justice John Marshall had died, and

Jackson had appointed Roger B. Taney to his position.

• Jackson and Van Buren appointed 6 associate justices between them.

• greatest impact of this court came in the late 1850s when it supported states’ rights


• The Election of 1840• candidates

• Democrats: Martin Van Buren• Whigs: William Henry Harrison

• campaign• The Whigs portrayed Harrison as a

common man.


William Henry Harrison was the first President to die in office.

He served the shortest term in office (four weeks).

He had logically the least significant Presidential administration.

• Tyler Too• conflict with his party

• Henry Clay believed Tyler should govern through a congressional committee.


• The Man Without a Party• The Preemption Act of 1841: allowed

squatters to buy western lands when they came up for public sale

• Tyler was expelled from the party after vetoing a bill to establish a new national bank.


• The Webster-Ashburton Treaty• determined the United States’

northern border with Canada between Minnesota and Maine


• The End of Tyler’s Term• the Texas question

• sought to annex Texas in time for the election of 1844

• Lame duck- a President during the time between the election and leaving office.

• annexed Texas by a joint resolution just before he left office


• James K. Polk won the election of 1844.

• Why were many Americans clamoring for another strong leader like Andrew Jackson after the administration of John Tyler?

Chapter 11 Jacksonian America

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