Chapter 11 Inner and East Asia, 400-1200
NOTE:Slides included with a different background are added from another AP textbook, more details that are important are included on these slides. These details were NOT included on your reading quiz but WILL be on your test! Chapter Chronology Inner and East Asia 200-1200
Empty cell Inner Asia China Northeast and Southeast Asia Japan 200 emptycell China is united Sui unification Three Korean kingdoms: Kogury, Paekche, Silla empty cell 600 751 Battle of Talas River 618 Tang Empire founded Li Shimin reign Wu Zhao reign An Lushan rebellion 668 Silla victory in Korea Taika era Nara as capital 752 "Eye-opening" ceremony 794 Heian era 800 840 Suppression of Buddhism Huang Chao rebellion 907 End of Tang Empire 960 Song Empire founded 916 Liao Empire founded 918 Koryo founded: Korean Peninsula unified 936 Annam becomes Dai Viet (northern Vietnam) Fujiwara influence 1000 Tanggut state on China's northwest frontier Southern Song period 1115 Jin Empire founded circa The Tale of Genji 1200 Empty cell Empty cell 1185 Kamakura Shogunate founded A table detailing the major events from 200 to 1200 in Inner Asia, China, Japan, and Northeast and Southeast Asia. Going Up the River Going Up the River.Song cities hummed with commercial and industrial activity, much of it concentrated on the rivers and canals linking the capital Kaifeng to the provinces. This detail from Going Upriver at the Qingming [Spring] Festival shows a tiny portion of the scroll paintings panorama. Painted by Zhang Zeduan sometime before 1125, its depiction of daily life makes it an important source of information on working people. Before open shop fronts and tea houses a camel caravan departs, donkey carts are unloaded, a scholar rides loftily (if gingerly) on horseback, and women of wealth go by enclosed sedan-chairs. Song cities hummed with commercial and industrial activity, much of it concentrated on the rivers and canals linking the capital Kaifeng to the provinces. This detail from Going Upriver at the Qingming [Spring] Festival shows a tiny portion of the scroll paintings panorama. Painted by Zhang Zeduan sometime before 1125, its depiction of daily life makes it an important source of information on working people. Before open shop fronts and tea houses a camel caravan departs, donkey carts are unloaded, a scholar rides loftily (if gingerly) on horseback, and women of wealth go by enclosed sedan-chairs. The Sui and Tang Empires, 581755
After the fall of the Han in 220 C.E. China was fragmented for several centuries The Sui Empire reunified China and established a government based on Confucianism but heavily influenced by Buddhism. To help communication and trade the Sui built the Grand Canal linking the Yellow River and the Yangzi The Sui also improved the Great Wall The Sui wanted to extended into Korea, Vietnam, and Inner Asia but the resources needed were immense
This is also true of the public works projects The Suis rapid decline and fall may have been due to its having spent large amounts of resources on these construction, canal, irrigation, and military projects. The second Sui emperor was assassinated and the Tang filled the political vacuum
The Tang Empire was established in 618. Li Shimin (technically second emperor but oversaw the expansion of the empire) The Tang state carried out a program of territorial expansion, avoided overcentralization, and combined Turkic influence with Chinese Confucian traditions. Army used crossbow and armored infantrymen as well as horsemanship and iron stirrups
The Tang had their peak between and were defeated by Arab Muslims at the Battle of Talas River Changan: Metropolis at the Center of East Asia
Changan was the destination of ambassadors from other states who were sent to China under the tributary system. The city of Changan itself had over a million residents, most of them living outside the city walls. served as a vital intellectual and commercial center, attracting students of politics and philosophy from around Asia, as well as merchants and traders, creating a diverse population that included Arabs, Persians and Indians, among others. Buddhism and the Tang Empire
The Tang emperors legitimized their control by using the Buddhist idea that kings are spiritual agents who bring their subjects into a Buddhist realm. Buddhist monasteries were important allies of the early Tang emperors; in return for their assistance, they received tax exemptions, land, and gifts. Mahayana Buddhism was the most important school of Buddhism in Central Asia and East Asia. Mahayana beliefs were flexible, encouraged the adaptation of local deities into a Mahayana pantheon, and encouraged the translation of Buddhist texts into local languages. The expansion westward of the Tang Empire territorially, as well as its commercial and intellectual reach, not only brought Buddhism more deeply into Asia, but also made the Tang state a truly cosmopolitan one. The Sui and Tang Empires, 581755
Upheavals and Repression, In the late ninth century, the Tang Empire broke the power of the Buddhist monasteries and Confucian ideology was reasserted. The reason for the crackdown was that Buddhism was seen as undermining the family system and eroding the tax base by accumulating tax-free land and attracting hundreds of thousands of people to become monks and nuns. Buddhism also had been used to legitimize womens participation in politics.
The most significant example of this is the career of Wu Zhao, who took control of the government and made herself emperor with the ideological and material support of Buddhism. When Buddhism was repressed, Confucian scholars concocted accounts that painted highly critical portraits of Wu Zhao and other influential women in Chinese history. The crackdown on Buddhism also brought the destruction of many Buddhist cultural artifacts. The End of the Tang Empire, 879-907
As its territory expanded and it faced internal rebellions, even from within its own army, the Tang dynasty relied on powerful provincial military governors to maintain peace. In 907, the Tang state ended, and regional military governors established their own kingdoms. None of these smaller kingdoms were able to integrate territory on the scale of the Tang. Map 12.1 The Tang Empire in Inner and Eastern Asia
Map 12.1 The Tang Empire in Inner and Eastern Asia, 750. For over a century the Tang Empire controlled China and a very large part of Inner Asia. The defeat of Tang armies in 751 by a force of Arabs, Turks, and Tibetans at the Talas River in present day Kyrgyzstan ended Tang westward expansion. To the south the Tang dominated Annam, and Japan and the Silla kingdom in Korea were leading tributary states of the Tang. Cengage Learning For over a century the Tang Empire controlled China and a very large part of Inner Asia. The defeat of Tang armies in 751 by a force of Arabs, Turks, and Tibetans at the Talas River in present day Kyrgyzstan ended Tang westward expansion. To the south the Tang dominated Annam, and Japan and the Silla kingdom in Korea were leading tributary states of the Tang. China and Its Rivals Song Empire The Liao and Jin Challenge
After the fall of the Tang, a number of new states emerged in the former Tang territory: the Liao, the Jin, and the Chinese Song. As the Liao and Jin cut the Chinese off from Central Asia, the Song developed seafaring and strengthened contacts with Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia. The Liao state included nomads and settled agriculturalists
The Liao state included nomads and settled agriculturalists. The Liao kings presented themselves to their various subjects as Confucian rulers, Buddhist monarchs, and nomadic leaders. The Liao rulers were of the Khitan ethnic group. The Liao Empire lasted from 9161121. The Liao had a strong military and forced the Song to give them annual payments of cash and silk in return for peace. Map 12.2 Liao and Song Empire, circa 1100
The states of Liao in the north and Song in the south generally ceased open hostilities after a treaty in 1005 stabilized the border and imposed an annual payment on Song China. Map 12.2 Liao and Song Empires, circa The states of Liao in the north and Song in the south generally ceased open hostilities after a treaty in 1005 stabilized the border and imposed an annual payment on Song China. Cengage Learning To rid themselves of the Liao, the Song helped the Jurchens of northeast Asia to defeat the Liao.
The Jurchens established their own Jin Empire, turned on the Song, and drove them out of north and central China in 1127. The Song continued to reign in south China as the Southern Song Empire (11271279). Map 12.3 Jin and Southern Song Empires, circa 1200
After 1127 Song abandoned its northern territories to Jin. The Southern Song continued the policy of annual paymentsto Jin rather than Liaoand maintained high military preparedness to prevent further invasions. Map 12.3 Jin and Southern Song Empires, circa After 1127 Song abandoned its northern territories to Jin. The Southern Song continued the policy of annual paymentsto Jin rather than Liaoand maintained high military preparedness to prevent further invasions. Cengage Learning Song Industries During the Song period, the Chinese made a number of technological innovations, many of them based on information that had been brought to China from West Asia during the cosmopolitan Tang era. Many of these innovations had to do with mathematics, astronomy, and calendar making. Song inventors improved an earlier Chinese innovation, the magnetic compass, making it suitable for seafaring by the end of the eleventh century. In shipbuilding, the Song introduced the sternpost rudder and watertight bulkheads. Shipbuilders in the Persian Gulf later adopted these innovations. Junks: The Song also had a standing, professionally trained, regularly paid military.
Iron and coal were important strategic resources for the Song military. The Song produced large amounts of high-grade iron and steel for weapons, armor, and defensive works. The Song also developed and used gunpowder weapons in their wars. Economy and Society in Song China
Song society was dominated by civilian officials and put higher value on civil pursuits than on military affairs. Song thinkers developed a sophisticated Neo-Confucian philosophy, while certain Buddhist sects, particularly Chan (Zen) continued to be popular. Perhaps most notably, neo-Confucian thinkers conceived of the idea of universal sagehood, meaning that ordinary people, not just members of the elite, might attain wisdom and habits of mind to allow them to participate in governance and administration. The civil service examination system, introduced in the Tang, reached its mature form in the Song.
The examination broke the domination of the hereditary aristocracy by allowing men to be chosen for government service on the basis of merit. However, men from poor families were unlikely to be able to devote the necessary time and resources to studying for the rigorous examinations. With the invention of moveable type, the Song government was able to mass-produce authorized preparation texts for examination-takers. Printing also contributed to the dissemination of new agricultural technology and thus helped to increase agricultural production and spur population growth in South China. During the Song period, Chinas population rose to 100 million. Population growth and economic growth fed the rise of large, crowded, but very well-managed cities like Hangzhou. The Song period saw the wide use of an interregional credit system called flying money and the introduction of government-issued paper money. The paper money caused inflation and was later withdrawn. 6.The Song government was not able to control the market economy as closely as previous governments had done. Certain government functions, including tax collection, were privatized, and a new merchant elite thrived in the cities, their wealth derived from trade rather than land. Song River Transport This seventeenth-century painting shows the emperor Huizong (r. 11001126), in red, supervising the ceremonial transfer of pierced stones and a tree. The purpose of their transfer is unknown. Note the differences between the workshop at lower left and the residence at lower right where women, children, and even a pet dog are enjoying life outside the enclosed courtyard. Song River Transport.This seventeenth-century painting shows the emperor Huizong (r. 11001126), in red, supervising the ceremonial transfer of pierced stones and a tree. The purpose of their transfer is unknown. Note the differences between the workshop at lower left and the residence at lower right where women, children, and even a pet dog are enjoying life outside the enclosed courtyard. The Song period saw the wide use of an interregional credit system called flying money and the introduction of government-issued paper money. The paper money caused inflation and was later withdrawn. The Song government was not able to control the market economy as closely as previous governments had done. Certain government functions, including tax collection, were privatized, and a new merchant elite thrived in the cities, their wealth derived from trade rather than land. Womens status declined during the Song period as Confucian ideas about the proper division of the sexes regained popularity. Women were entirely subordinated to men and lost their rights to own and manage property; remarriage was forbidden. Painfully bound feet became a mandatory status symbol for elite women. Working-class women and women from non-Han peoples of southern China did not bind their feet and had more independence than elite Han Chinese women did. Footbinding Female Musicians Female Musicians. A group of entertainers from a Song period copy of a lost Tang painting titled Night Revels of Han Xizai. The emperor ordered the painter to document the lifestyle of a man who preferred music, dance, and poetry to accepting appointment as Prime Minister. The mood of genteel indulgence appealed to Song era elites. Chinese women were not veiled, but foot-binding became common under the Song. A group of entertainers from a Song period copy of a lost Tang painting titled Night Revels of Han Xizai. The emperor ordered the painter to document the lifestyle of a man who preferred music, dance, and poetry to accepting appointment as Prime Minister. The mood of genteel indulgence appealed to Song era elites. Chinese women were not veiled, but foot-binding became common under the Song. Hangzhoumost noble city best in the world Marco Polo
a. Great marketplaces b. entertainment 1. boating 2. singing girls 3. bath houses 4. restaurants 5. acrobats 6. tea houses, 7. opera performances New Kingdoms in East Asia
Chinese Influences: Sinification: means the assimilation or spread of Chinese culture Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all rice-cultivating economies whose labor needs fit well with Confucian concepts of hierarchy, obedience, and discipline. While they all adopted aspects of Chinese culture, the political ideologies of the three countries remained different. None of them used the Chinese civil service examination system, although they did value literacy in Chinese and read the Chinese classics. Korea The Korean hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism from China and passed them along to Japan. The several small Korean kingdoms were united first by Silla in 668, and then by Koryo in the early 900s. Korea used woodblock printing as early as the 700s, and later invented moveable type, which it passed on to Song China. Korea Most profoundly influenced by China for longest amount of time
Peoples that lived in and ruled China before Chinese- hunting and herding peoples Colonized by Chinese Although they tried to resist Sinification prevailed Sinification (influence from China) variants of Buddhism
Chinese writing tough to be adapted Unified law code Established universities Tried to implement Chinese-style bureaucracy Doesnt work well because the noble families dont like it, they would lose privileges Divided into three parts during Three Kingdoms Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla China (Tang Empire) strikes an alliance with Silla Becomes a tribute
Must make tribute payments Submit as a vassal The Chinese withdrew their armies in 668 Sinification and the tributary system Send emissaries Must perform kowtow (ritual bowing with forehead on floor) Benefits include: Continued peace Access to Chinese learning (Buddhist, Confucian, and technological) Access to Chinese art and manufactured products (for elite) Merchants traveled with the emissaries to trade This system became a major channel of trade/cultural exchange! Korean elite culture was most effected by China
Aristocrats were able to study in Chinese schools and participate in civil service exams (less important here than in China) Brought in more Buddhism than Confucianism but brought in a more Chinese version than the original form from India. Began producing porcelain and actually surpassed China in quality, and developed a unique black stoneware Korea also exported some raw materials to China
Luxury products imported from China were pretty much only for the elites Fancy clothes (usually silk) Special teas Scrolls (poetry, educational, etc.) Artwork Korea also exported some raw materials to China Mostly forest products and copper Japan Japans mountainous terrain was home to hundreds of small states that were unified, perhaps by horse-riding warriors from Korea, in the fourth or fifth century. The unified state established its government at Yamato on Honshu Island. In the mid-seventh century, the rulers of Japan implemented a series of political reforms to establish a centralized government, legal code, national histories, architecture, and city planning based on the model of Tang China. However, the Japanese did not copy the Chinese model uncritically: they adapted it to the needs of Japan and maintained their own concept of emperorship. The native religion of Shinto survived alongside the imported Buddhist religion. Women of the aristocracy became royal consorts, thus linking the court with their own kinsmen. A constitution that influenced Japanese political thought for centuries was developed in 604 when Siuko, a woman from an immigrant aristocratic family, reigned as empress, taking over for her husband at his death in 592. During the Heian period (7941185), the Fujiwara clan dominated the Japanese government. The Heian period is known for the aesthetic refinement of its aristocracy and for the elevation of civil officials above warriors. By the late 1000s, some warrior clans had become wealthy and powerful. After years of fighting, one warrior clan took control of Japan and established the Kamakura Shogunate, with its capital at Kamakura in eastern Honshu. Japan In the 7th and 8th century Japan attempted to borrow traditions from China Army, court etiquette, and art However, the emperor of Japan was kept sheltered This led to provincial leaders (warlords) talking over and a series of civil wars from the 12th to 17th centuries. Taika Reforms copying Chinese administration
Chinese characters/language adoption wrote history in dynastic terms court etiquette struggled to master Confucian ways worshipped in Chinese style temples admired Buddhist art Buddhism blended with kami Shinto After some tension between the Emperor and the aristocracy and Buddhist monks the capital was moved to Heian (Kyoto) Part of the motivation to move was the emperors inability to control Buddhist monks, so he was trying to move away from them The monks just built new monasteries in the nearby hills. The aristocracy had power because rank was determined by birth, not merit Local leaders gained power by organizing militias Life at court was ultracivilized
There were many rules to regulate behavior Those at court were always expected to be polite Court life was very public, every action was scrutinized, many put up a faade Known for grand complex of gardens and palaces Literature was important in court life Writing verse prioritized First novel-prose-Lady Muraskis The Tale of Genji Criticizedthose who pursue aesthetic enjoyment Shows how poised and cultured nobility was expected to act Females played unusually creative roll avoided full Chinese influence Rise of the Provincial Warrior Elites
Large landed estates come from aristocratic families Built up power landowners, estate managers, local officials Decentralization: Mini-kingdoms like fiefdoms/manors in Europe become the norm small fortresses constant threat from neighboring lords self-sufficient granaries, blacksmith, wells Warrior leaders called bushi Administered law, public works, collected taxes, and maintained armies Samurai armies loyal to lords called in to protect emperor
age of danger/bandits samurai as bodyguards warrior class constantly trained in hunting, riding, archery used longbow and steel swords warrior code bushido Courage Seppuku-(hari-kari) ritual suicide if you dishonor family Prearranged battle locations, proclaimed ancestry, few fatalities Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe are often compared on the AP exam.
Peasants become serfs bound to land Were not allowed to carry swords or dress like samurai turned to Buddhism Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe are often compared on the AP exam. Vietnam Geographical proximity and a similar, irrigated wet-rice agriculture made Vietnam suitable for integration with southern China. Economic and cultural assimilation took place during Tang and Song times, when the elite of Annam (northern Vietnam) modeled their high culture on that of the Chinese. When the Tang Empire fell, Annam established itself as an independent state under the name Dai Viet. In southern Vietnam, the kingdom of Champa was influenced by Malay and Indian as well as by Chinese culture. During the Song period, when Dai Viet was established, Champa cultivated a relationship with the Song state and exported the fast-maturing Champa rice to China. Vietnam Rice based diet and agriculture
Vietnamese not as accepting of Chinese influence Geographically farther away from heart of China Resilient culture Saw themselves as a distinct people with their own traditions and characteristics, and they were afraid Chinese rule would jeopardize that Benefits from relations with China
technology market for their goods: ivory, tortoise shells, pearls, peacock feathers, aromatic woods, exotic products from sea/forest able to emulate some of the political organization Learned from Chinese ideas The Chinese however, looked down on the Vietnamese as southern barbarians Differences between Vietnam and China
Many of these things are the motivation for Chinas dislike Different language More village autonomy Favored nuclear family over extended family Never developed clan networks Women have greater freedom/influence Women wear long skirts/not long pants Delighted in cockfighting Chewed betel nut Blackened teeth In 111 B.C.E. Han dynasty conquers Vietnam the elite realized they could benefit from this
attended Chinese schools took exams for administration cropping techniques and irrigation military organization gave them an edge over other neighbors family model begins to include extended family venerated ancestors While the elite gained from connection to China the peasants and women stood to lose a lot
Roots of Resistance Elites like the connection to China but the peasants dont The Chinese dont like local customs of Vietnamese and look down on them When local lords decided to take back power the peasants rallied to their side One important example is the Trung sisters that led a revolt illustrating the unhappiness of the people and especially women The Chinese have a difficult time trying to control Vietnam
Its far away there are mountain barriers Very few Chinese actually moved to Vietnam (this limited the number of loyal Chinese administrators) The Vietnamese took advantage of political turmoil during the early Tang Empire and won independence in 939 East Asian countries shared a common Confucian interest in hierarchy, but the status of women varied from country to country. Foot-binding was not common outside China. Before Confucianism was introduced to Annam, women there had a higher status than women in Confucian China. Nowhere, however, was the education of women considered valuable or even desirable.