Chapter 11 Fossil Fuels. Overview of Chapter 11 Energy Sources and Consumption Energy Policy ...
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Transcript of Chapter 11 Fossil Fuels. Overview of Chapter 11 Energy Sources and Consumption Energy Policy ...
Chapter 11Chapter 11Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Overview of Chapter 11Overview of Chapter 11
Energy Sources and ConsumptionEnergy Sources and Consumption Energy PolicyEnergy Policy Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
CoalCoal Oil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas SynfuelsSynfuels
ANWRANWR
Energy Sources and Energy Sources and ConsumptionConsumption Energy sources were originally found Energy sources were originally found
locally and now they are worldwidelocally and now they are worldwide Fossil fuelsFossil fuels Nuclear energyNuclear energy ElectricityElectricity
Energy consumption is different Energy consumption is different between developing and developed between developing and developed nationsnations 20% of world20% of world’’s population use 60% of the s population use 60% of the
worldworld’’s energy sourcess energy sources
Energy Sources and Energy Sources and ConsumptionConsumption Energy densityEnergy density
Amount of energy contained in a given Amount of energy contained in a given volume or mass of an energy sourcevolume or mass of an energy source
Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency A measure of the fraction of energy A measure of the fraction of energy
used relative to the total energy used relative to the total energy available in a given sourceavailable in a given source
Per capita energy consumption of Per capita energy consumption of selected developed and developing selected developed and developing countriescountries
Energy Sources and Energy Sources and ConsumptionConsumption
Energy Consumption in the Energy Consumption in the USUS
US Energy PolicyUS Energy Policy
Objective 1: Increase Energy Efficiency Objective 1: Increase Energy Efficiency and Conservationand Conservation Requires many unpopular decisionsRequires many unpopular decisions ExamplesExamples
Decrease speed limit to conserve fuelDecrease speed limit to conserve fuel Eliminate government subsidiesEliminate government subsidies
Objective 2: Secure Future Fossil Fuel Objective 2: Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy SuppliesEnergy Supplies 2 oppositions: environmental and economic2 oppositions: environmental and economic
US Energy PolicyUS Energy Policy
Objective 3: Develop Alternative Objective 3: Develop Alternative Energy SourcesEnergy Sources Who should pay for this? Gas taxes?Who should pay for this? Gas taxes?
Objective 4: Meet the First Three Objective 4: Meet the First Three Objectives Without Further Damage Objectives Without Further Damage to the Environmentto the Environment
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Combustible deposits in the EarthCombustible deposits in the Earth’’s s crustcrust Composed of the remnants (fossils) of Composed of the remnants (fossils) of
prehistoric organisms that existed millions prehistoric organisms that existed millions of years agoof years ago
Includes coal, oil (petroleum) and natural Includes coal, oil (petroleum) and natural gasgas
Non-renewable resourceNon-renewable resource Fossil fuels are created too slowly to Fossil fuels are created too slowly to
replace the reserves we usereplace the reserves we use
How Are Fossil Fuels How Are Fossil Fuels Formed?Formed? 300 million years ago300 million years ago
Climate was mildClimate was mild Vast swamps covered much of the landVast swamps covered much of the land Dead plant material decayed slowly in Dead plant material decayed slowly in
the swamp environmentthe swamp environment
How Are Fossil Fuels How Are Fossil Fuels FormedFormed CoalCoal
Heat, pressure and time turned the plant Heat, pressure and time turned the plant material into carbon-rich rock (coal)material into carbon-rich rock (coal)
OilOil Sediment deposited over microscopic Sediment deposited over microscopic
plants plants Heat pressure and time turned them into Heat pressure and time turned them into
hydrocarbons (oil)hydrocarbons (oil) Natural GasNatural Gas
Formed the same way as oil, but at Formed the same way as oil, but at temperatures higher than 100 °Ctemperatures higher than 100 °C
CoalCoal
Most, if not all, coal deposits have Most, if not all, coal deposits have been identified been identified
Occurs in different grades - based on Occurs in different grades - based on variations in heat and pressure variations in heat and pressure during burialduring burial
CoalCoal
US has 25% of worldUS has 25% of world’’s coal suppliess coal supplies Known coal deposits could last 200 Known coal deposits could last 200
yearsyears At present rate of consumptionAt present rate of consumption
2 Types of Coal Mining2 Types of Coal Mining
Surface mining Surface mining (right)(right) Chosen if coal is Chosen if coal is
within 30m of surfacewithin 30m of surface Subsurface miningSubsurface mining
Extraction of mineral Extraction of mineral and energy resources and energy resources from deep from deep underground deposits underground deposits
Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of Mining CoalMining Coal
Surface Mining Control and Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)Reclamation Act (1977) Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface Requires filling (reclaiming) of surface
mines after miningmines after mining Reduces Acid Mine DrainageReduces Acid Mine Drainage Requires permits and inspections of Requires permits and inspections of
active coal mining sightsactive coal mining sights Prohibits coal mining in sensitive areasProhibits coal mining in sensitive areas
Mountain Top Removal Mountain Top Removal
Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of Burning CoalBurning Coal
Releases large quantities Releases large quantities of COof CO22 into atmosphere into atmosphere Greenhouse gasGreenhouse gas
Releases other Releases other pollutants into pollutants into atmosphereatmosphere MercuryMercury Sulfur oxidesSulfur oxides Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides
Can cause acid Can cause acid precipitationprecipitation
Making Coal CleanerMaking Coal Cleaner
ScrubbersScrubbers Fluidized Bed Combustion (below)Fluidized Bed Combustion (below)
Oil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas
Oil and gas provide 60% of worldOil and gas provide 60% of world’’s s energyenergy They provide 62% of USThey provide 62% of US’’s energys energy
Petroleum RefiningPetroleum Refining
Numerous hydrocarbons Numerous hydrocarbons present in crude oil present in crude oil (petroleum) are (petroleum) are separatedseparated Based on boiling pointBased on boiling point
Natural gas contains far Natural gas contains far fewer hydrocarbons fewer hydrocarbons than crude oilthan crude oil Methane, ethane, Methane, ethane,
propane and butanepropane and butane
Oil and Natural Gas Oil and Natural Gas ExplorationExploration Oil and natural gas migrate upwards Oil and natural gas migrate upwards
until they hit impermeable rockuntil they hit impermeable rock Usually located in structural trapsUsually located in structural traps
Oil ReservesOil Reserves
Uneven distribution Uneven distribution globallyglobally
More than half is More than half is located in the located in the Middle EastMiddle East
Natural Gas ReservesNatural Gas Reserves
Uneven distribution globallyUneven distribution globally More than half is located in Russia More than half is located in Russia
and Iranand Iran
Locating more depositsLocating more deposits Future extraction Future extraction
technologiestechnologies Changes in global Changes in global
consumption ratesconsumption rates Experts indicate there Experts indicate there
may be shortages in may be shortages in 2121stst century century
How long will Supplies Last?How long will Supplies Last?
Difficult to determine and estimates Difficult to determine and estimates varyvary
Depends on:Depends on:
Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas
CombustionCombustion Increase carbon dioxide and pollutant Increase carbon dioxide and pollutant
emissionsemissions Natural gas is far cleaner burning than oilNatural gas is far cleaner burning than oil
ProductionProduction Disturbance to land and habitatDisturbance to land and habitat
TransportTransport Spills - especially in aquatic systemsSpills - especially in aquatic systems Ex: Alaskan Oil Spill (1989)Ex: Alaskan Oil Spill (1989)
1989 Alaskan Oil Spill1989 Alaskan Oil Spill
1989 Alaskan Oil Spill1989 Alaskan Oil Spill
Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled Exxon Valdez hit a reef and spilled 260,000 barrels of crude oil into 260,000 barrels of crude oil into soundsound
Largest oil spill in US historyLargest oil spill in US history Led to Oil Pollution Act of 1990Led to Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Case in Point - Arctic Case in Point - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)(ANWR)
Synfuel and Other Fossil Synfuel and Other Fossil Fuel ResourcesFuel Resources SynfuelSynfuel
Synthesized fuel from Synthesized fuel from coal and other naturally coal and other naturally occurring sourcesoccurring sources
Used in place of oil or Used in place of oil or natural gas natural gas
Include:Include: Tar sandsTar sands Oil shalesOil shales Gas hydratesGas hydrates Liquefied coalLiquefied coal Coal gas (right)Coal gas (right)