Chapter 11Chapter 11

Discussion and reviewDiscussion and review

Sui DynastySui Dynasty

Sui Dynasty (581 -618)Sui Dynasty (581 -618)

Reunified China and established a central Reunified China and established a central governmentgovernmentBased and Confucianism and BuddhismBased and Confucianism and Buddhism

Reason for declineReason for declineAmbitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and Ambitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and

military projectsmilitary projectsSeveral (4) loosing battles against the powerful Several (4) loosing battles against the powerful

Koyro kingdom in Korea was detrimental to their Koyro kingdom in Korea was detrimental to their declinedecline

The Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China is the The Grand Canal of China is the

world's oldest and longest world's oldest and longest canalcanal

The building of the canal began The building of the canal began in 486 B.C.E during the Zhou in 486 B.C.E during the Zhou Dynasty and later by Emperor Dynasty and later by Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty Yangdi of Sui Dynasty

The canal is 1,795 Km (1,114 The canal is 1,795 Km (1,114 miles (linked yellow river and miles (linked yellow river and Yangtze river)Yangtze river)

Had an enormous political and Had an enormous political and economic effect on China’s economic effect on China’s developmentdevelopment

Tang Dynasty 618 – 907  • After a period of civil

war and decline in China, the Tang reestablished a unified government.

• Tang emperors expanded their influence into Central and Southeast Asia, demanding tribute from such places as Korea and Vietnam. peasants.

• Tang emperors also established a law code, and renovated the canal system to encourage trade and communication inside of China.

Return to ConfucianismKey Ideas of Confucianism? • Reintroduced the use of

Confucian scholars in running the government.

• The ideal Confucian official was a wise, virtuous scholar.

• They redistributed land to the peasants

•

Inventions • They began using block

printing in the 8th Century. Block printing is a system of printing where characters are carved onto a wooden block. The block is then inked and pressed onto a sheet of paper.

• Other inventions include

mechanical clocks that kept very accurate time. Early clock maker Su-Sung made a state of the art water clock stood over 30 feet high.

• Tang scientists invented

gunpowder in the 9th Century by combining saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. First used in fireworks!

No. 894: Inventing Printing

No. 120: Su-Sung's Clock

Medical Achievement! Tang physicians

developed a small pox vaccine in the 10th century. However, the widespread use of this vaccine did not occur in China until the 16th century. This idea eventually spread west, and was introduced in Europe in the 1600’s.

•

Wu ZhaoWu Zhao First Chinese Empress First Chinese Empress

Woman of Destiny or

Woman of Darkness?

Chinese Noblewoman, 

8th century-Tang Dynasty

• Under the Tang, a strict social structure was developed.

• Each class had its own rights and duties, and social mobility was possible from one class to another.

China’s Social Structure

during the

Middle Ages

Chinese Society Chinese Society

GENTRY • Most scholar-officials

were gentry, from the wealthy landowning class.

• Believed the government and society should governed by Confucius ideals

•

Under the Tang and Song dynasties, China was a well-ordered society.

PEASANTS and MERCHANTS: •Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land. •Peasants could move up in society through education and government service. MERCHANTS •According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even lower class than peasants because their riches came from the labor of others.

Upper class women in China became very interested in different hair styles, fashion and make-up with each changing dynasty.

Ancient Chinese Women's Fashions

Song Dynasty 960-1279• China experienced a

short period of general chaos, with no strong, central government

• Song Dynasty comes to power in 960.

• Song leaders supported a revival of Confucian thought. WHY?

• The ideal Confucian official was a wise, virtuous scholar.

• The Chinese Empire under the Song was smaller than the Empire of the Tang

Rice CultivationRice Cultivation• Under the Song,

China began extensive rice cultivation. New hardy strains were developed.

• China was able to plant two

rice crops a year, giving them an abundance of food.

• The Song also maintained

extensive trade with the India, Persia, and the Middle East.

• Wealthy Society: the

result of this was the ability to pursue other interests, such as art and literature.

The Arts• Song artisans were

known for their fine porcelain, and the use of calligraphy, a form of fine handwriting.

• Architects designed the pagoda, which is a multistoried building with the corners of the roof curved up that were used as temples.

•

Inventions• Under the Song, the

Chinese invented movable type printing machines.

• This idea spread to Korea and Japan, and may have also been spread to Europe by Mongol armies.

• The use of movable type allowed for faster printing, and the widespread diffusion of ideas.

• Other inventions include the spinning wheel, which is a machine used to make thread.

•

Antique Chinese Silk

Spinning Wheel

The Tang and Song dynasties unified China and

restored culture and prosperity.

Key Contribution of the

Tang and Song Dynasties

Key Contribution of the

Tang and Song Dynasties

Footbinding In Footbinding In AsiaAsia

Footbinding-Where did it come from?

• Chinese folklore attributes the origins of footbinding to a fox who tried to conceal its paws while assuming the human guise of the Shang Empress.

• Another version suggests that the Empress had a club foot and insisted that all women bind their feet so that hers became the model for beauty in the court. Started in the Song Dynasty.

• Some men, such as actors or male prostitutes, also bound their feet.

•

The Practice of FootbindingFootbinding began in China during the Song dynasty (10th century) and continued until the end of the Qing dynasty. The practice was formally prohibited in China in 1911 but continued in isolated regions well into the 1930s. In 1998, the last factory to manufacture shoes for women with bound feet (in Harbin, China) ended production.

Korea and JapanKorea and JapanDuring the Middle AgesDuring the Middle Ages

500-1600500-1600

Geography of the Korean Geography of the Korean PeninsulaPeninsula

1.1. Seventy percent Seventy percent of Korea is of Korea is mountainous. mountainous.

2.2. Because farming Because farming is difficult in the is difficult in the mountains, most mountains, most Koreans live Koreans live along the western along the western coastal plain, coastal plain, Korea’s major Korea’s major farming area. farming area.

3. Korea has a 3. Korea has a 5,400 mile 5,400 mile coastline with coastline with hundreds of good hundreds of good harbors. harbors.

4. Since earliest 4. Since earliest times, Koreans times, Koreans have depended on have depended on seafood for seafood for protein in their protein in their diet. diet.

5. Korea’s location 5. Korea’s location on China’s on China’s doorstep has doorstep has played a key role played a key role in its history and in its history and development.development.

KoreaKoreaPrehistory – 918 A.D.Prehistory – 918 A.D.

Tan’gun Legend Tan’gun Legend According to legend, the first acknowledged kingdom According to legend, the first acknowledged kingdom in Korea emerged in 2333 BC. in Korea emerged in 2333 BC. Tan'gun Wang'gomTan'gun Wang'gom, , the first great ruler of Korea, established his capital the first great ruler of Korea, established his capital at Asadal (now P'yong'yang) and called his kingdom at Asadal (now P'yong'yang) and called his kingdom Choson, a name that means "Land of the Morning Choson, a name that means "Land of the Morning Calm." Calm."

Chinese InfluenceChinese Influence Han Emperor Wudi in 108 B.C. conqueroredHan Emperor Wudi in 108 B.C. conquerored

Korea: Korea:

-Confucian teachings and writing style. -Confucian teachings and writing style.

-Buddhist influence plays a major role -Buddhist influence plays a major role Korean government adapted Chinese ways Korean government adapted Chinese ways

-the Chinese civil service -the Chinese civil service examinationexaminationKoreans absorbed many Chinese Koreans absorbed many Chinese

traditions, traditions,

butbut Korea was able to preserve its Korea was able to preserve its maintain a separate and distinct culture. maintain a separate and distinct culture.

Era of Three Era of Three KingdomsKingdomsBetween 300 and 600 A.D., three powerful Between 300 and 600 A.D., three powerful

kingdoms emerged: kingdoms emerged: Shilla, Koguryo, and PaekcheShilla, Koguryo, and Paekche. .

These kingdoms war constantly. These kingdoms war constantly. Shilla was the weakest of the three. Shilla was the weakest of the three. Shilla becomes the dominate kingdom and Shilla becomes the dominate kingdom and

eventually establishes the first dynasty; help eventually establishes the first dynasty; help from China… from China…

HOW?? HOW??

HwarangHwarang - Korea's Warrior - Korea's Warrior KnightsKnights

Who are the HwarangsWho are the Hwarangs A group of A group of

aristocratic young aristocratic young men who studied men who studied and played the arts and played the arts of war. of war.

The Hwarang is The Hwarang is actually a warrior actually a warrior code not a fighting code not a fighting style. style.

Though part of the Though part of the regular army, their regular army, their spirit and devotion spirit and devotion set them apart from set them apart from other soldiers.other soldiers.

Hwarang PrinciplesHwarang PrinciplesThe main principles they The main principles they

followed were: followed were: Loyalty to one's Loyalty to one's

country country Obedience to one's Obedience to one's

parents parents Loyalty to one's friends Loyalty to one's friends Refusal to retreat from Refusal to retreat from

enemy attack enemy attack Abstention from the Abstention from the

senseless killing of any senseless killing of any living thing living thing

Copyright Sun-Do Taekwondo Association. All Rights Reserved.Copyright Sun-Do Taekwondo Association. All Rights Reserved.

Koryo Dynasty Koryo Dynasty 918-1392 AD918-1392 AD

It was the Koryo It was the Koryo dynasty that ascended dynasty that ascended after Shilla and again after Shilla and again brought unity to the brought unity to the Korean nation. Korean nation.

During this period the During this period the development of the development of the martial art known martial art known today as today as TaekwondoTaekwondo became more became more systematized and was systematized and was made a compulsory made a compulsory requirement for requirement for selection and training selection and training in the military. in the military.

TaeKwondo

1.1. Japan is located Japan is located on an on an archipelago,archipelago, or chain of or chain of islands, about 100 islands, about 100 miles off the Asian miles off the Asian mainland. mainland.

2.2. Four-fifths of Four-fifths of Japan is Japan is mountainous mountainous

3.3. Most people Most people settled in narrow settled in narrow river valleys and river valleys and along coastal along coastal plains. plains.

Geography of JapanGeography of Japan

4.4. The surrounding The surrounding seas have both seas have both protected and protected and isolatedisolated Japan. Japan.

5.5. Japan was close Japan was close enough to the enough to the mainland to mainland to learn from Korea learn from Korea and China, but and China, but too far away for too far away for the Chinese to the Chinese to conquer. conquer.

6.6. The seas also The seas also served as trade served as trade routes for Japan routes for Japan

Shinto: Japan’s Shinto: Japan’s Native ReligionNative Religion

• Shinto means: “The Shinto means: “The way of the gods.” way of the gods.”

• No complex rituals or No complex rituals or philosophy. philosophy.

• Believers in Shinto Believers in Shinto find beauty in “kami”: find beauty in “kami”: the forces of nature the forces of nature

• Nickname: “Land of Nickname: “Land of the Rising Sun” comes the Rising Sun” comes from the ancient from the ancient beliefs in their sun beliefs in their sun goddess Amaterasu. goddess Amaterasu.

• Shinto Explained

There are There are "Four Affirmations“ "Four Affirmations“ in Shintoin Shinto: : Tradition and the familyTradition and the family:: The family is The family is

seen as the main mechanism by which seen as the main mechanism by which traditions are preserved. Their main traditions are preserved. Their main celebrations relate to birth and marriage. celebrations relate to birth and marriage.

Love of natureLove of nature:: Nature is sacred; to be in Nature is sacred; to be in contact with nature is to be close to the contact with nature is to be close to the Gods. Natural objects are worshipped as Gods. Natural objects are worshipped as sacred spirits. sacred spirits.

Physical cleanlinessPhysical cleanliness:: Followers of Shinto Followers of Shinto take baths, wash their hands, and rinse take baths, wash their hands, and rinse out their mouth often. out their mouth often.

"Matsuri“"Matsuri“: : The worship and honor given to The worship and honor given to the Kami and ancestral spirits. the Kami and ancestral spirits.

Yamato ClanYamato Clan500-1000 AD500-1000 AD

• Recorded Japanese Recorded Japanese history begins in history begins in approximately A.D. 500 approximately A.D. 500 when the Yamato when the Yamato clan clan takes over much of takes over much of Honshu IslandHonshu Island

• Roots are traced back to Roots are traced back to the legendary sun the legendary sun goddess goddess

• First and only dynasty First and only dynasty but each emperor has but each emperor has claimed his roots through claimed his roots through this clan even to today this clan even to today

• Through the 700s Japan Through the 700s Japan was greatly influenced by was greatly influenced by ChinaChina Emperor Akihito and wifeEmperor Akihito and wife

Chinese CivilizationChinese CivilizationInfluenced Early Japan Influenced Early Japan

In the early 600s, Japan In the early 600s, Japan began sending students, began sending students, monks, traders, and monks, traders, and officials to China. officials to China.

These visitors returned These visitors returned

to Japan eager to spread to Japan eager to spread Chinese thought, Chinese thought, technology, and the arts. technology, and the arts.

The Yamato clan set up The Yamato clan set up

an imperial court similar an imperial court similar to that of China. Japan to that of China. Japan keeps inheritance as keeps inheritance as part of its government part of its government system.system.

Chinese Civilization Chinese Civilization Influenced Early JapanInfluenced Early Japan

The Japanese kept some The Japanese kept some Chinese ways but discarded or Chinese ways but discarded or modified others. This process is modified others. This process is known as known as selectiveselective borrowingborrowing. . Areas of influence: Areas of influence:

Chinese ideas about Chinese ideas about government government Chinese fashion Chinese fashion Chinese foods Chinese foods

Confucian ideas and ethics Confucian ideas and ethics Chinese architectureChinese architecture

By AD 800 enthusiasm for By AD 800 enthusiasm for everything Chinese died down. everything Chinese died down.

The Heian Period The Heian Period •From 794 to 1185, the From 794 to 1185, the imperial capital was in imperial capital was in Heian, present-day Heian, present-day Kyoto. Kyoto.

•At the Heian court an At the Heian court an elegant and sophisticated elegant and sophisticated culture blossomed. culture blossomed.

•Noblemen and Noblemen and noblewomen lived in a noblewomen lived in a fairy-tale atmosphere… fairy-tale atmosphere…

•Partners: See page 318 Partners: See page 318 and select four and select four significant facts about significant facts about the Heian Court.the Heian Court.

Life at the CourtLife at the Court• Elaborate rules of Elaborate rules of

etiquette governed court etiquette governed court ceremony. ceremony.

• The focus turned to The focus turned to poetry, literature, poetry, literature, concerts and the arts. concerts and the arts.

• Noblewomen would create Noblewomen would create a distinct literature giving a distinct literature giving great insights into the great insights into the era. era.

• ““kana” language kana” language developed; phonetic developed; phonetic additions, standardized additions, standardized Japanese Japanese

• Men used Chinese; women Men used Chinese; women forbidden!forbidden!

Heian Court DressHeian Court Dress

Heian Court Dress Heian Court Dress

Rise of Rise of Japanese FeudalismJapanese Feudalism

•By 11By 11thth century large century large landowners set up private landowners set up private armies and raided the armies and raided the countryside countryside

•The Heian Court members The Heian Court members were too involved in luxury were too involved in luxury living and making fortunes living and making fortunes to help to help

•Small farmers hired Small farmers hired “protection” from the “protection” from the gentry class in exchange for gentry class in exchange for land land

•Feudalism arrived in Feudalism arrived in Japan…Japan…

Japanese Social Japanese Social StructureStructure

In theory, the emperor stood In theory, the emperor stood at the head of Japanese feudal at the head of Japanese feudal society. In fact, he was society. In fact, he was powerless. Real power lay in powerless. Real power lay in the hands of the the hands of the shogun,shogun, or or supreme military commander. supreme military commander.

The shogun distributed land to The shogun distributed land to vassal lords who agreed to vassal lords who agreed to protect them. These great protect them. These great warrior lords were called warrior lords were called daimyo.daimyo. They, in turn, granted They, in turn, granted land to lesser warriors called land to lesser warriors called samurai.samurai.

First Shogun RulerFirst Shogun RulerMinamoto YoritomoMinamoto Yoritomo

•He set up the Kamakura Shongunate

•First of three military dynasties that would rule Japan for 700 years

•Yoritomo's shogunate set the pattern for governmental structure in Japan

• Minamoto YoritomoMinamoto Yoritomo

The Warriors WorldThe Warriors World•Belonging to a Belonging to a Japanese samurai class Japanese samurai class was a hereditary was a hereditary membership membership

•About five in every 100 About five in every 100 belonged to this class belonged to this class

•Privileges: Carry two Privileges: Carry two swords and wear a swords and wear a special headdress special headdress

•Highly trained and Highly trained and

received special received special privileges privileges

in Japanese societyin Japanese society

1919thth century Samurai century Samurai

Japanese Warrior ArmorJapanese Warrior Armor

““The way of the warrior”The way of the warrior”•A code of unquestioning A code of unquestioning obedience obedience

•Honor more important than Honor more important than wealth or life wealth or life

•Absolute loyalty to one’s lord Absolute loyalty to one’s lord

•A true samurai would have no A true samurai would have no fear of death because –“If you fear of death because –“If you think of saving your life, you had think of saving your life, you had better not go to war at all” better not go to war at all”

Practiced “seppuku” a Practiced “seppuku” a ritual ritual suicidesuicide

Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism

Introduced into Introduced into

Japan by EisaiJapan by Eisai Zen Buddhism

•Widely popular among the Samurai class

and it spreads because of their support

•It emphasizes physical and mental health

•Transition easy for the Shinto believers

•Believed in the unity of nature

•Buddhist monasteries were centers of learning and the arts

-landscape gardening

-flower arranging

•Meditation and prayer are important to spiritual growth

Samurai Samurai SistersSistersReadingReading: “Samurai : “Samurai

Sisters: Feudal Japan”Sisters: Feudal Japan”

•Samurai women were expected to exhibit: loyalty, bravery and take on the duty of revenge

•Women were to responsible for the harvest, household supplies, servants and educating the children

•Occasionally, women would join in the battles with the men

•“Seppuku” was required for women also

Women will eventually be bound by the “Three Obediences…”

Video Clip from ShogunShogun

Peasant WomenPeasant WomenReading: “Peasant Women” Reading: “Peasant Women” Select four facts. Discuss. Select four facts. Discuss. • 90% of all women in this 90% of all women in this

class class • Worked alongside the men Worked alongside the men • Could inherit property as Could inherit property as

long as they did not remarry long as they did not remarry • Divorce was uncommon but Divorce was uncommon but

available available • Farmers only took one wife Farmers only took one wife • Wore their hair short Wore their hair short • Eventually the samurai ideal Eventually the samurai ideal

influenced this class and influenced this class and their freedoms changed… their freedoms changed…

•