CHAPTER 11, COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH
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Transcript of CHAPTER 11, COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH
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CHAPTER 11, COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH
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Chapter Outline
Content Analysis Analyzing Existing Statistics Comparative and Historical Research Ethics and Unobtrusive Measures Quick Quiz
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Unobtrusive Research – Methods of studying social behavior without affecting it. Example: Durkheim’s analysis of suicide
Types of Unobtrusive Research1. Content Analysis2. Analysis of Existing Statistics3. Comparative and Historical Analysis
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Content Analysis
Content Analysis – The study of recorded human communications (i.e., books, websites, paintings, laws).
Appropriate Topics “Who says what, to whom, why, how, and with
what effect?”
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Example: violence on TV1. Develop operational definitions2. Decide what to observe3. Decide how to code/analyze data
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Figure 11.1
Sampling in Content Analysis Units of Analysis
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Identify the unit of analysis:
You are interested in how children’s literature portrays gender roles.
You are interested in popular film’s use of drugs and alcohol.
You are interested in sociology textbook’s definition of race.
You are interested in the content of Internet Blogs.
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Figure 11.2
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Sampling Techniques Any conventional sampling technique may be
used for content analysis.
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Coding in Content Analysis Coding – The process whereby raw data are
transformed into standardized form suitable for machine processing and analysis.
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Manifest Content – The concrete terms contained in a communication.
Latent Content – The underlying meaning of communication.
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Conceptualization and the Creation of Code Categories Operational Definition Levels of Measurement
Counting and Record Keeping The end product of coding must be numerical. Record keeping must distinguish between units
of analysis and units of observation. Record from the base from which the counting
is done.
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Figure 11.4
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Qualitative Data Analysis “Negative Case Testing”
Tips for Avoiding Dangers1. Select cases at random2. Provide at least three supporting examples3. Ask others to review interpretations4. Report inconsistencies
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Illustrations of Content Analysis
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Strengths of Content Analysis Economy of time and money Allowing for the correction of errors Permits the study of processes occurring over
time Research has little (if any) effect on subjects Reliability
Weaknesses of Content Analysis Limited to recorded communications Validity
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Analyzing Existing Statistics
The analysis of existing statistics is not the same as secondary analysis.
Existing statistics may be the main source of data or a supplemental source of data.
Example: Durkheim’s Study of Suicide
Example: Kentor’s Consequences of Globalization
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Units of Analysis By nature, existing statistics describe
groups. Ecological Fallacy
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Problems of Validity Logical Reasoning Replication
Problems of Reliability Quality of Existing Statistics
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Sources of Existing Statistics Statistical Abstract of the United States Government Data Demographic Yearbook SINET
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Comparative and Historical Research
Comparative and Historical Research – The examination of societies (or other social units) over time and in comparison with one another.
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Examples of Comparative and Historical Research Weber and the Role of Ideas Japanese Religion and Capitalism
Sources of Comparative and Historical Data
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Figure 11.5
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Analytic Techniques
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Quick Quiz
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1. Which type of research does not require the researcher to intrude on what s/he is studying?
A. Quantitative ResearchB. Qualitative ResearchC. Survey ResearchD. Unobtrusive Research
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Answer: D.Unobtrusive research does not require the researcher to intrude on what s/he is studying?
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2. Which of the following may be examined in content analysis?
A. booksB. magazinesC. websitesD. all of the above
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Answer: D.Books, magazines, and websites may be
examined in content analysis.
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3. Which of the following occurs when you obtain a copy of someone else’s data and undertake your own statistical analysis?A. using quasi official statisticsB. using official statisticsC. secondary analysisD. none of the above
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Answer: C.Secondary analysis occurs when you
obtain a copy of someone else’s data and undertake your own statistical analysis.
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4. Which of the following are types of unobtrusive research methods?A. content analysisB. analysis of existing statisticsC. comparative and historical researchD. all of the above
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Answer: D.Content analysis, analysis of existing
statistics, and comparative and historical research are types of unobtrusive research methods.
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5. Which of the following are usually qualitative?A. field researchB. comparative and historical researchC. both of the aboveD. none of the above
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Answer: C.Field research and comparative and
historical research are usually qualitative.
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6. _____ are the individual units that we make descriptive and explanatory statements about.A. Units of analysisB. ArtifactsC. GroupsD. all of the above
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Answer: A.Units of analysis are the individual units
that we make descriptive and explanatory statements about.
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7. In the content analysis of _____, sampling may occur at any or all of several levels.A. written proseB. televisionC. the Internet
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Answer: A.In the content analysis of written prose
sampling may occur at any or all of several levels.
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8. Existing statistics should always be considered a _____ source of data.A. primaryB. supplementalC. tertiaryD. all of the aboveE. none of the above
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Answer: B.Existing statistics should always be
considered a supplemental source of data.
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9. When we base research on an analysis of data that already exist, we face problems of:A. repeatability.B. validity.C. generalization.
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Answer: B.When we base research on an analysis of
data that already exist, we face problems of validity.