Chapter 11 Cell Communication Dr. Joseph Silver. this chapter deals with - how cells receive...
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Transcript of Chapter 11 Cell Communication Dr. Joseph Silver. this chapter deals with - how cells receive...
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Chapter 11
Cell Communication
Dr. Joseph Silver
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this chapter deals with- how cells receive messages
- what changes take place in the cell - and what changes take place in the
nucleus
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The goal is to understand3 processes
1. reception (you pick up a message)2. transduction (cell response to message)
3. response (what work the message tells the cell to do)
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how one cell signals another cell is defined by the distance from the
signal source to the receptor
5 types are described
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-direct contact (fig. 11.4)-paracrine (fig. 11.5a)-endocrine (fig. 11.5c)-synaptic (fig. 11.5b)
-autocrine (stimulates same cell)
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the key to everything thatgoes on in a cell is phosphorylation
ordephosphorylation
see fig. 11.8 , 11.10, and 11.12
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start or stopinhibit or activateturn on or turn off
all happens byadding or removing
a phosphate functional group(see page 219)
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receptors are definedby their location- on a membrane- in a membrane
- trans membrane (through)- cytoplasmic
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there are three types ofmembrane receptors- channel receptors-enzyme receptors
-G protein-coupled receptors
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some receptors such as steroid hormone receptors
are not in the membranebecause the message can pass right through
the membraneso
activation (transduction) takes place in the cytoplasm
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there are three very importantkinases in cells
RTK, RSK, RTyK(receptor threonine kinase – serine kinase –
tyrosine kinase)these kinases add or remove phosphate
from molecules and influence most reactions taking place
in every cell
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see fig 11.15 to see- message to receptor linkage
- autophosphorylation- activation of protein by phosphorylation
then
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Go to fig 11.16 to see- activation of 2nd and 3rd messengers
- activation of enzyme- result of work stimulated by enzyme
activity
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look at fig 11.16 to seeamplification of events
another word for multiplication
in some cases instead of a 1 to 1 relationship
there isa 1 to 2, then 2 to 4, then greater
amplification as more and more reactions or systems
are amplified or inhibited
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We have previously studiedhomeodomain proteins (found in all
organisms)membrane lipid domains (found in all cell
membranes)and
multienzyme complexes (increases efficiency)now they are giving in fig 11.18
another name for a multienzyme complexscaffold proteins
which holds in placea number of kinase close to each other
for increased efficiency
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Now look at fig 11.9 & 11.10 to see the process
from ligand binding to receptorto
response by cell
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there are many kinds of 2nd and 3rd etc. messengers
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Cyclic AMPinositol phosphates
calciumand more
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apoptosis
programmed cell death
damaged, infected, wrong code,
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signal for apoptosiscan come from inside or outside the cell
Ced genes (cell death genes) present as inactivebut when activated
produce a cascade of proteasesknown as
caspases and nucleaseswhich force cell death