Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe...
-
Upload
paul-bryant -
Category
Documents
-
view
252 -
download
20
Transcript of Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe...
![Page 1: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10
![Page 2: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Thunderstorms
A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms
Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater than or equal to 50kts, or tornado
Ordinary Cell ThunderstormsAir-mass thunderstorms: limited wind sheerStages: cumulus, mature, dissipatingEntrainment, downdraft, gust front
![Page 3: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fig. 10-1, p. 275
![Page 4: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fig. 10-2, p. 276
![Page 5: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fig. 10-2a, p. 276
![Page 6: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig. 10-2b, p. 276
![Page 7: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fig. 10-2c, p. 276
![Page 8: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stepped Art
Fig. 10-2, p. 276
![Page 9: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fig. 10-3, p. 277
![Page 10: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Thunderstorms Multi-cell Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms that contain a number of convection cells, each in a different stage of development, moderate to strong wind shear; tilt, over shooting top
Gust Front: leading edge of the cold air out-flowing air; shelf cloud, roll cloud, outflow boundary
Micro-bursts: localized downdraft that hits the ground and spreads horizontally in a radial burst of wind; wind shear, virga
![Page 11: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig. 10-4, p. 278
![Page 12: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fig. 10-5, p. 278
![Page 13: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig. 10-6, p. 279
![Page 14: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fig. 10-7, p. 279
![Page 15: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fig. 10-8, p. 280
![Page 16: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fig. 10-9, p. 280
![Page 17: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Fig. 10-10, p. 281
![Page 18: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fig. 10-11, p. 281
![Page 19: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Stepped Art
Fig. 10-11, p. 281
![Page 20: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Mutli-cell ThunderstormsSquall-line thunderstorms; line of multi-cell
thunderstorms, pre-frontal squall-line, derecho
Meso-scale Convective Complex: a number of individual multi-cell thunderstorms grow in size and organize into a large circular convective weather system; summer, 10,000km2
![Page 21: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fig. 10-12, p. 282
![Page 22: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fig. 10-13, p. 282
![Page 23: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fig. 10-14, p. 282
![Page 24: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fig. 10-15, p. 283
![Page 25: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 10-16, p. 283
![Page 26: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thunderstorms Supercell thunderstorms
Large, long-lasting thunderstorm with a single rotating updraft
Strong vertical wind shearOutflow never undercuts updraftClassic, high precipitation and low precipitation
supercellsCap and convective instabilityRain free base, low-level jetSurface, 850mb, 700mb, 500mb, 300mb
conditions
![Page 27: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fig. 10-17, p. 284
![Page 28: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fig. 10-18, p. 284
![Page 29: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fig. 10-19, p. 285
![Page 30: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fig. 10-20, p. 285
![Page 31: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Thunderstorms Thunderstorms and the Dryline
Sharp, horizontal change in moistureThunderstorms form just east of drylinecP, mT, cT
Floods and Flash FloodsFlash floods rise rapidly with little or no
advance warning; many times caused by stalled or slow thunderstorm
Large floods can be created by training of storm systems, Great Flood of 1993
![Page 32: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig. 10-21, p. 286
![Page 33: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fig. 10-22, p. 287
![Page 34: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Topic: Big Thompson CanyonJuly 31, 1976, 12 inches of rain in 4 hours
created a flood associated with $35.5million in damage and 135 deaths
Distribution of ThunderstormsMost frequent: Florida, Gulf Coast, Central
PlainsFewest: Pacific coast and Interior valleysMost frequent hail: Central Plains
![Page 35: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fig. 10-23, p. 289
![Page 36: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fig. 10-24, p. 289
![Page 37: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Lightning and ThunderLightning: discharge of electricity in mature
storms (within cloud, cloud to cloud, cloud to ground)
Thunder: explosive expansion of air due to heat from lightning
Electrification of Clouds: graupel and hailstones fall through supercooled water, ice crystals become negatively charged
Upper cloud positive, bottom cloud negative
![Page 38: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fig. 10-25, p. 290
![Page 39: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fig. 10-26, p. 291
![Page 40: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fig. 10-27, p. 291
![Page 41: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Types of lightningBlue jets, red sprite, ELVES
The Lightning StrokePositive charge on ground, cloud to ground
lightningStepped leader, ground stroke, forked
lightning, ribbon lightning, bead lightning, corona discharge
![Page 42: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fig. 10-28, p. 292
![Page 43: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fig. 10-28a, p. 292
![Page 44: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fig. 10-28b, p. 292
![Page 45: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Fig. 10-28c, p. 292
![Page 46: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fig. 10-29, p. 293
![Page 47: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Fig. 10-30, p. 294
![Page 48: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Fig. 10-31, p. 294
![Page 49: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Fig. 10-32, p. 295
![Page 50: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Thunderstorms
Lightning Detection and SuppressionLightning direction finder detects radiowaves
produced by lightning, sphericsNational Lightning Detection NetworkSuppression: seed clouds with aluminum
Observation: Apple treeDO NOT seek shelter during a thunderstorm
under an isolated tree.
![Page 51: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Fig. 10-33, p. 295
![Page 52: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Tornadoes
Rapidly rotating column of air that blows around a small area of intense low pressure with a circulation that reaches the ground.
Tornado life cycleOrganizing, mature, shrinking, decay stage
![Page 53: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Fig. 10-34, p. 297
![Page 54: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Tornadoes Tornado Occurrence
US experiences most tornadoesTornado Alley (warm, humid surface; cold dry air
aloft)Highest in spring, lowest in winter
Tornado windsMeasurement based upon damage after storm or
Doppler radarFor southwest approaching storms, winds strongest
in the northeast of the storm, 220 kts maximumMulti-vortex tornados
Tornado outbreaksFamilies, super outbreak
![Page 55: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Fig. 10-35, p. 298
![Page 56: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Fig. 10-36, p. 298
![Page 57: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Fig. 10-37, p. 299
![Page 58: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Fig. 10-38, p. 299
![Page 59: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Fig. 10-39, p. 301
![Page 60: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Tornados
Seeking shelterBasement or small, interior room on ground
floorIndoor vs outdoor pressure
The Fujita ScaleBased upon the damage created by a stormF0 weakest, F5 strongestEnhanced Fujita Scale
![Page 61: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Table 10-1, p. 300
![Page 62: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Table 10-2, p. 301
![Page 63: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Table 10-3, p. 301
![Page 64: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Tornadic Formation
Basic requirements are an intense thunderstorm, conditional instability, and strong vertical wind sheer
Supercell TornadoesWind sheer causes spinning vortex tube that
is pulled into thunderstorm by the updraftMesocyclone, BWER, rear flank downdraft,
vertical stretching, funnel cloud, rotating cloud, wall cloud
![Page 65: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fig. 10-41, p. 303
![Page 66: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Fig. 10-42, p. 303
![Page 67: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fig. 10-42a, p. 303
![Page 68: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Fig. 10-42b, p. 303
![Page 69: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Stepped Art
Fig. 10-42, p. 303
![Page 70: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Fig. 10-43, p. 304
![Page 71: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Fig. 10-44, p. 304
![Page 72: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Tornadic Formation
Nonsupercell TornadoesGustnadoesLand spoutCold-air funnels
![Page 73: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Fig. 10-45, p. 305
![Page 74: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Fig. 10-46, p. 306
![Page 75: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Fig. 10-47, p. 306
![Page 76: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Fig. 10-47a, p. 306
![Page 77: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Fig. 10-47b, p. 306
![Page 78: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Observing Tornadoes and Severe Weather Doppler radar measures the speed of
precipitation toward and away radar unit Two Doppler radars can provide a 3D
view TVS, doppler lidar NEXRAD
![Page 79: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Fig. 10-48, p. 307
![Page 80: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Fig. 10-49, p. 308
![Page 81: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Waterspouts
Rotating column of air that is connected to a cummuliform cloud over a large body of water
Tornadic waterspout
![Page 82: Chapter 10. Thunderstorms A storm containing lightning and thunder; convective storms Severe thunderstorms: one of large hail, wind gusts greater.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649f535503460f94c7757c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Fig. 10-50, p. 308