Map Reading I Introduction to Map Reading GRC JROTC COL(R) ALEXANDER.
Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map
description
Transcript of Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language Reading Map
Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language
Reading Map• Thur, Jan 12 chapter 9 SG & Cards• Thur, Jan 12 385 – 395• Fri, Jan 13 395 – 401• Mon, Jan 16 401 – 417• Tues, Jan 17 SG and Cards due (no quiz)• Wed, Jan 18 review for Final
Assessment
Thinking (385)
• Cognition – mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering and communicating
• Cognitive Psychologists study cognition and the logical/illogical ways we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions and form judgments
Concepts (386)
• Mental groupings of similar objects, events and people
• Simplify our thinking and expression
Concepts (386)
• Concepts are formed by
– Definition
– Prototypes
Concepts (386)
by definition
A dog has four legs and hair.
by prototype
The best example of a dog is a labrador retriever.
Solving Problems (387)
• We are rational because we can solve problems to cope with new situations.
Methods to Solve Problems (387)
1.Trial and Error – try every possible (puzzle pieces)
2.Algorithm – follow set steps that guarantee a solution (lego instructions)
3.Heuristics – use strategies (finding ketchup) – faster but more errors happen
4. Insight – sudden flashes of inspiration (Eureka!)
Obstacles to Problem Solving (388)
Confirmation Bias
- Tendency to search for information that confirms our ideas
Fixation
- Inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective
- Past success can help us solve new problems but it might also interfere with finding new solutions
Mental Set (389)
• Is the tendency to repeat solutions that worked in the past
• Is a type of fixation• A perceptual set
predisposes what we perceive. A mental set predisposes how we think.
Functional Fixedness (389)
• The tendency to see an object’s function as fixed and unchanging.
Making Decisions & Forming Judgments (389)
Do we use systematic reasoning?
Do we follow our intuition?
Overconfidence (391)
• Overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments
• Overestimating what our performance was, is or will be
• Being more confident than correct
• Overconfidence is adaptable
Using and Misusing Heuristics (389_
Representative Heuristic
- We judge the likelihood of something in terms of how well it represents a prototype.
- We assume the professor is the poetry lover not the truck driver.
Availability Heuristic
- We base our judgments on the availability of information in our memories.
- The faster we can remember something, the more likely we expect it to reoccur.
Risks/What do We Fear? (392)
• What our ancestors feared.
• What we can’t control.
• What is immediate.
• What is most available to our memory.
• What are most vivid memories.
Framing (394)
• Framing is the way we present information.
• Framing has a huge effect on our thinking.
• Do you want 75% lean beef or 25% fat beef?
• Do you wonder if the original price is fair, or are you swayed by the 10% OFF SALE PRICE.
Belief Bias (394)
• is the tendency to seek confirmation of our hunches or existing beliefs.
• We more easily see the illogic of conclusions that counter our beliefs.
• Our beliefs distort our logic and make invalid conclusions seem valid.
Belief Perseverance Phenomenon (396)
• The tendency to cling to beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
• We are more ready to accept evidence that supports our belief (and reject evidence that counters our beliefs).
• 9 minute clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoCqftOYHX4
Artificial Intelligence (397)
• The aim is to design computers to perform operations that mimic human thinking and “do” intelligent things.
• 2 goals of AI
• Practical – robots that can sense their environment
• Theoretical – computers that mimic human thinking
• Computer neural networks mimic the brain’s interconnected neural units.
Language Structure (401)
Phonemes – basic sounds – “ch” – “t”
Morphemes – smallest unit of language that has meaning – “s” – “un”
- 100,000 morphemes and 616,000 words in English
“UN” “DESIR” “ABLE” “S”
Grammar (401)
Semantics
Rules to give morphemes, words and sentences meaning
Ie, adding “ed” makes a verb in the past tense
Syntax
Rules used to order our sentences.
Ie. Adjectives come before the noun
Language Development (402)
• Children acquire simple then complex language.
• At 4 months, children discriminate speech sounds, read lips to match sound and babble.
• Babble is not based on the baby’s home language. Clip ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RqUTJAfy48
• At 10 months the babble reflects the house’s language and the baby loses the ability to recognize and say phonemes from other languages.
Language Development (402)• 1 year old ----- 1 word stage• 18 months ---- learn a word a day• Twin clip -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY&feature=relmfu
• 2 years -------- 2 word stage ---- telegraphic speech (mostly nouns and verbs) ‘want juice” --- use nouns and verbs in correct syntax (order)
• There is no 3-word stage. Most kids go directly to rather complex longer phrases.
• Clip on Apraxia of Speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqMZ2musuoQ
Explaining Language Development (404)
• 3 theories of language development
• Skinner – Operant Conditioning theory
• Chomsky – inborn universal grammar theory
• Cognitive Neuroscientists – Statistical Learning theory
Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory of Language (404)
We learn language by:•Association - of things to words•Imitation - of words/syntax modelled by others•Reinforcement – rewards for saying words
Chomsky’s Theory of Language (404)
• Says children have inborn, universal grammar
• Children learn their environment’s language, however, they acquire untaught words and grammar at too extraordinary of a rate to be explained solely by learning principles – therefore the grammar is considered to be “inborn”
• Children make over-generalization mistakes – “I hurted myself”
Cognitive Neuroscience Statistical Learning Theory of Language (405)
• Says that there is a critical period for mastery of grammar (1 to 7 years of age)
• Says that the mind is a blanker slate than Chomsky claims
• Language develops through a gradual change of network connections based on experience
• Second language learned early in life activate the same frontal lobe areas as the first language does
Thinking & Language (409)
• Linguist Benjamin Whorf - linguistic determinism - language determines the way we think
• Different languages impose different concepts of reality ---- ie there are lots of English words for angry and lots of Japanese words for sympathy
Thinking Without Language (411)
• Procedural Memory – we have a mental image of how to do something (turning tap on) but we can’t explain it in words
• We can mentally practice and improve our performance on tasks.
• We can mentally imagine a result (1989 Grey Cup)
Thinking without Language
• Much of our information processing occurs outside of consciousness, beyond language. Processing happens in parallel – functioning automatically – remembered implicitly – only occasionally to surface as words.
Animal Thinking and Language (413)
• Monkeys can do numbers
• Monkeys have insight not just conditioned learning – use a stick to reach food
• Bee dances show the way to honey
The Case of the Apes (415)
• A chimp’s closest relative is a human not an ape
• Gardner (1969) taught Washoe the chimp 132 signs by age 4 and 181 by age 32 – “water bird”
• Koko clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5tsSyrTy0g&feature=related
• We think that speech evolved after gestures
• For apes and humans and chimps communication involves gestures
Can Apes Really Talk? (415)
Skeptics say:
•Not like children who effortlessly soak up language
•Just behavior and reward
•Syntax problems
•Just mimicking their trainers
•Humans have a perceptual set and interpret ape language how they expect it to be
bullets
bullets
columns
Big picture
Big picture