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![Page 1: Chapter 10 Sampling With Toxicants. Historical Perspectives on Use of Toxicants in Fisheries Used to –Sample fish communities (all species and sizes=](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649cdc5503460f949a6ac7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10
Sampling With Toxicants
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Historical Perspectives on Use of Toxicants in Fisheries
• Used to– Sample fish communities• (all species and sizes= unbiased sample)
– Remove undesirables and non-natives• (ex. rainbow trout from Western streams)
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Use of Toxicants in Fisheries (cont.)
• Use limited by– public opinion– other technologies
(hydroacoustics & trawls)
– regulatory pressures
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Rotenone
• Natural piscicide
• Used to eliminate some or all fish in aquatic ecosystem
• Sample cryptic species on coral reefs (prohibited now)
• Improve sportfish by eliminating competitors
RotenoneRotenoneMoleculeMolecule
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Rotenone Examples:
• Remove white suckers and cyprinids from Michigan trout streams
• Remove overcrowded gizzard shad and bluegill
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Antimycin
• Antibiotic with piscicide properties
• Preferred over rotenone for stream work
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Lampricides
• Kill sea lamprey larvae
• TFM (3-trifluirimethyl-4-nitrophenol)
• Bayluscide (nitrosalicylanilide salt)
BaylucideBaylucide
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Using Toxicants to Sample
• Advanced technology has decreased use
• Still common in shallow habitats like coves
• Gained momentum in the 1950’s
• Use of Rotenone surveys widespread by the 1960’s
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10.2 Toxicants: Past and Present
• Only 4 legal for use:– Rotenone– Antimycin– TFM– Bayluscide
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Works but not Legal
• Copper sulfate
• Sodium cyanide
• Toxaphene
• Squoxin (for squawfish)
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How Lampricides Work
• Irritate or kill ammocetes (lamprey larvae)
• Bayluscide on sand goes deep
• Ammocetes come up off bottom
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2% Bayluscide & TFM Work Together
• 0.8 mg TFM/L (40 mg/L alkalinity)
• 7.0 mg TFM/L (200 mg/L alkalinity)
• Contact times = 8-10 hours
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Rotenone
• Made from roots of Derris or Lonchocarpus
• Disrupts cellular respiration
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Rotenone (cont.)
• 1.0 mg/L of 5% powdered formulation (complete kill)
• 0.05 - 0.10 mg/L of 5% formulation (partial kill)
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Rotenone (cont.)
• Least susceptible - gar, bullhead, bowfin
• Most susceptible - shad, grass carp– also susceptible -
amphibians, crustacean zooplankton
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Rotenone (cont.)
• More toxic in water that is– acidic
– warm
– clear
pHpH
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Rotenone (cont.)
• Long half-life in cool (<10 C) water
• Antidote potassium permanganate
• Powder usually mixed and applied as slurry
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Antimycin
• Made from mold (like penicillin)
• Also blocks cellular respiration
• 5-10 micrograms/L active ingredient
• 1 mg/L potassium permanganate antidote
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Antimycin (cont.)
• 20% a.i. solution
• Mixed with Diluent to 10% a.i.
• Mixed with 20 L of water, then applied
• Or bound to sand - as sand sinks, antimycin is released
AntimycinAntimycin
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10.3 Public Relations and Regulatory Concerns• Informed public questions
release of toxic substances so...– Notify public– Explain objectives and
benefits– Solicit comments
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Concerns
• Loss of agency credibility
• Certification to apply rotenone
• Proper disposal of fish– Bury– Dump– Distribute to hungry
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10.4 Use of Toxicants in Research/Management Surveys• Use of toxicants to sample
fish is decreasing (66% of agencies surveyed)– Poor public opinion– Expense– Regulatory pressure to find
other techniques
• Does benefit outweigh cost?
BenefitBenefit CostCost
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Cove Sampling
• Usually mid-summer (more toxic, degrades fast)
• Pick representative cove (depth, cover, vegetation)
• Block net (100 m x 6-9 m; 6mm bar mesh)
• Net must reach to bottom
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Cove Sampling (cont.)
• Determine the area enclosed
• Run transects to determine average depth
• Calculate total volume enclosed
• Calculate the amount of rotenone required
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Rotenone required
• Lethal concentrations range from 0.05 to 0.15 mg actual rotenone/L
• Formulations are usually 5%
• So... 1-3 mg formulation/L would provide rotenone in the lethal range
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Calculating rotenone amounts
• Kg of formulation = – lake volume (m3) *– 1000 (L/m3) *– 0.05 - 0.15 (mg actual rotenone/L) *– 100/ percent concentration
(mg of formulation/mg actual rotenone) *– 0.01 (kg of formulation/mg of formulation)
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Primary purpose of cove sampling
• Estimate total number and total weight of each species
• Describing size structure of each population is secondary goal
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Block net sampling
• Used to enclose an area when there are no coves
• Pick-up and processing procedures similar to cove sampling
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Wegener Ring
• Ring thrown out by two people from shoreline or boat
• Rotenone is sprayed into enclosed area
• Best for small fish
• Allow more precise estimates in heavily vegetated habitats
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Shoreline Sampling
• Small area enclosed with small-mesh block net
• Rotenone applied and fish collected with dipnets and block net used as seine
• Used primarily for juvenile bass in SE US reservoirs
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Navigation Locks
• Provide an enclosed area
• Must have cooperation to stay closed for 2 days
• Treated at lowest water level to reduce amount of Rotenone needed
• Samples not easily replicated
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Rivers and Streams
• No longer common in North America
• Information often not worth risk of downstream kills
• Now is done mostly for reclamation
• Repeat treatments usually required
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Estuarine Habitats
• Procedures same as fresh water
• Tidal flows can cause fish kills outside sample area
• Bird predation is a problem
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10.5 Data Analysis and Biases
• Standing crop or density– Kg/hectare– Fish/hectare
1 Acre1 Acre
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Data Analysis
• Precision– One toxicant sample has no error bars– Are future changes real or noise?
adult crappie-upper chicot
0200400600800
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
# p
er
ha
• Consistent– Same cove
each year– Repeated
measures of ANOVA
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Biases
• Over or underestimates for whole Lake– Adjustment factors
• Seasonal changes in habitat
• Low sample size– Lots of smaller samples
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Reclamation and Fish Control
• Use of toxicants to eliminate/reduce non-game fish now uncommon
• Have been used in recent years to eliminate non-native species– native species then reintroduced
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Selective Removal of Target Species
• Recent interest focused on controlling common carp– poisoned feed pellets– fish lured in with untreated
pellets in feeders first
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Selective Removal of Target Species (cont.)
• Rotenone sometimes used to reduce density of bass or bluegill – improve growth or recruitment
X
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Whole Lake Reclamation
• Lakes that have been seriously degraded
• Lake Chicot, AR good example– watershed corrections made– lake was partially reclaimed with rotenone– lake was then restocked– shows importance of taking remedial actions
first
Lake Chicot
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10.7 Comments on Future Use
• Will continue when alternatives are unavailable or inappropriate
• No other technique is less biased in several key areas