Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis Warm Up – 11/20 List the differences between Asexual and...

Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Warm Up – 11/20

List the differences between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction.

Name two types of asexual reproduction.

What are the three parts of interphase? (List them in order) Provide what happens in each part of interphase.


Warm –Up 11/20 What is the diagram on the

right?

Compare the terms chromatid and chromosome!

Chromatid

Answer: Duplicated Chromosome

• Answer: The are the essentially the same. Both are one half of the duplicated chromosome.

• After the duplicated chromosome splits - chromatids are then called a chromosomes.

13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships

What are Chromosomes?

The Cell Cycle Vocabulary – 1

Chromosome - an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells.

It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes.

Chapter 10 - Mitosis and CytokinesisA complete set of human

chromosomes

(Each band is a gene)

The Cell Cycle Vocabulary - 2


Chromosomes vs Sister Chromatids vs Chromatid

• Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere.• Identical chromosomes

(carry the same genes)• When attached to each other

one half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid.

• When sister chromatids separate they are called chromosomes

Pair of sister chromatids

chromatid

centromere

9The Cell Cycle Vocabulary – Page 2


DNA doublehelix

DNA andhistones

Chromatin SupercoiledDNA

Sister Chromatids

9The Cell Cycle Vocabulary


The cell cycle in body cells includes Interphase and Mitosis

* The cell grows and replicates its DNA during Interphase.* The cells nucleus divides during mitosis * Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm this occurs after mitosis

9The Cell Cycle in Somatic Cells (body cells) – Page 5


Interphase: includes G1, S, and G2 phases

– Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions

– Synthesis (S): copies DNA, DNA replication

– Gap 2 (G2): additional growth

The Cell Cycle in Somatic Cells – Page 7


chromatin

Interphase: prepares the cell

for mitosis

The cell grows (G1)

DNA Reproduction: The DNA is duplicated. (S)

Interphase prepares the cell to divide. (G2)Nuclear envelope

Interphase

9The Cell Cycle Interphase – Page 6

- Chromatin: thread-like genetic material in the nucleus


Mitosis begins:

Mitosis (M): division of the somatic cell’s nucleus

Cytokinesis: division of the somatic cell’s cytoplasm

Includes P.M.A.T. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

The Cell Cycle Somatic Cells

• Produces two genetically identical daughter cells.


– Chromatin is condensed and duplicated chromosomes are visible– Spindle fibers form– Nuclear envelope

disappears

Nuclear Envelope

Sister Chromatids

Spindles Forming

9Mitosis Begins: Division of the Nucleus – Page

8 & 9

Prophase: First step of

mitosis


Metaphase: second step of mitosis

– Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.

– Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatidsSister Chromatids

Centromere

9The Cell Cycle Mitosis – Page 10 & 11


Anaphase: third step of mitosis

– Sister chromatids move apart and are now called chromosomes

– Spindles pull identical chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.

Chromosome

Centromere

Spindle Fiber

9The Cell Cycle Mitosis – Page 12 & 13


Connecting Question During anaphase identical chromosomes

are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Hypothesize:

1. Where did the two identical copies come from?

Answer 1. The Interphase – Synthesis (S) – Why?

- This is when the cell duplicates its genetic information to get ready for mitosis.


Telophase: fourth step of mitosis

– The two new nuclei form.

– Chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin.

– Nuclear envelope reappears.

Nuclear Envelope

Identical Chromosomes

9The Cell Cycle Mitosis –


Cytokinesis: the cells cytoplasm splits after mitosis

– Parent cell splits into two

– 2 identical daughter cells form

– In animal cells, the membrane pinches closed.

– In plant cells, a cell plate forms.

nucleus withchromatin

9

Two Identical Daughter Cells Form (Cytokinesis)

The Cell Cycle Cytokinesis –


Closing Questions 1. Analyze the cell cycle in order to determine:

A. In what phase(s) could you find individual chromosomes in the cell.

B. After which phase(s) would you find sister chromatids (duplicated chromosomes) in the cell.

2. Hypothesize why it is important for the sister chromatids to remain attached at the centromere until anaphase.


Controls on Cell Division

How is the cell cycle regulated?

The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell.

The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off.

For example, when an injury such as a broken bone occurs, cells are stimulated to divide rapidly and start the healing process. The rate of cell division slows when the healing process nears completion.


The Discovery of Cyclins Cyclins - are a family of proteins that regulate

the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.


Apoptosis Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death.

Apoptosis plays a role in development by shaping the structure of tissues and organs in plants and animals. For example, the foot of a mouse is shaped the way it is partly because the toes undergo apoptosis during tissue development.


Cancer Do you know anyone (or of anyone) who has been

diagnosed with cancer?

If so, what cancer did they have?

What type of cancers do you think are most prevalent?

Most Common Types of Cancer - 2014 (National Cancer Institute) Type of Cancer New Cases Annually Deaths

Breast (Female – Male) 235,030 40,430

Prostate 233,000 29,480

Lung (Including Bronchus) 224,210 159,260

Colon and Rectal (Combined) 136,830 50,310

Melanoma 76,100 9,710

Bladder 74,690 15,580

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 70,800 18,990

Kidney (Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis) Cancer 63,920 13,860

Thyroid 62,980 1,890

Endometrial 52,630 8,590

Leukemia (All Types) 52,380 24,090

Pancreatic 46,420 39,590

Most Common Types of Cancer - 2014 (National Cancer Institute)

Type of Cancer New Cases Annually Deaths Mortality Rate

Pancreatic 46,420 39,59085%

Lung (Including Bronchus) 224,210 159,26071%

Leukemia (All Types) 52,380 24,09046%

Colon and Rectal (Combined) 136,830 50,31037%

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 70,800 18,99027%

Kidney (Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis) 63,920 13,86022%

Bladder 74,690 15,58021%

Breast (Female – Male) 235,030 40,43017%

Endometrial 52,630 8,59016%

Melanoma 76,100 9,71013%

Prostate 233,000 29,48013%

Thyroid 62,980 1,8903%


Common Cancers

Melanoma (deadly type of skin cancer)

Leukemia (cancer of the circulatory system – blood)

Lung Cancer

Colon Cancer

Breast Cancer

Bladder Cancer


Cancer… Mitosis Out of Control!!!!

Cancer results from out-of-control cell production.

Abnormal masses of cells are called tumors.


Two Types of TumorsTumors can either be:

Benign – abnormal mass of cells. It does not spread to surrounding healthy tissue.

Malignant – mass of cells resulting from the reproduction of cancer cells. It invades and destroys surrounding healthy tissue and can spread to other parts of the body.

Brain Tumor (MRI)


Metastasis When cancer cells break off

tumors and travel (spread) to other places in the body, the cancer is said to have metastasized.


Cancer Treatment

Surgery

Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy

Unwanted Side Effects – nausea, damage to organs, sterility, hair loss, etc.

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