Chapter 10 Ecosystems.
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Ecosystems.
![Page 1: Chapter 10 Ecosystems.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985943/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10
Ecosystems
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Section 1: Living Things and the Environment
• The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment is called ecology.
• An ecosystem is made up of the living things in an area, and their nonliving surroundings.
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Habitat
• A habitat is where an organism lives and finds the things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce.
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Biotic Factors
• A biotic factor is a living part of a habitat.– Plants– Animals– Seed, nuts, berries– Worms, fungi, bacteria
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Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic factors are nonliving parts of an organism’s habitat:– Water– Sunlight– Oxygen and other gases– Temperature and weather– Soil and rocks
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4 Levels of Organization
• 1. The biggest level is the ecosystem or biome, which includes biotic and abiotic factors.
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4 Levels of Organization
• 2. The next biggest is community, all the the living things in an area.
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4 Levels of Organization
• 3. Next is population, all the members of one species (can mate and reproduce) in an area.
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4 Levels of Organization
• 4. The smallest level is an organism, or individual living thing.
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Levels of Organization Ladder
• Create a ladder showing the levels of organization.– Lowest rung: organism– 2nd rung: population– 3rd rung: community– Top rung: ecosystem or biome
– Include a label, the definition, and a drawing for each rung of your ladder.
– If you finish early, do questions 1-3 on page 396.
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Section 2: Populations
• Populations change in size when new members join the population or when members leave the population.
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Births and deaths
• The birth rate of a population is the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time.
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Births and deaths
• The death rate is the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time.
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The Population Statement
• If birth rate > death rate, population size increases.
• If death rate > birth rate, population size decreases.
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Immigration and Emigration
• Immigration means moving into a population.
• Emigration means leaving a population.
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Limiting Factors
• The largest population that an area can support is called its carrying capacity.
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Limiting Factors
• A limiting factor is an environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing.– Food– Water– Space– Light– Soil– Weather
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Population Graphing
• Complete and turn in the graphing activity.
• If you finish early, do questions 1-3 on page 403 (PQA).
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Section 3: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Each of the organisms in an ecosystem fills the energy role of producer, consumer, or decomposer.
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Producer
• An organism that can make its own food is a producer (plants, algae, bacteria)
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Consumer
• A consumer gets energy by eating another organism.– Herbivores eat only plants– Carnivores eat only animals– Omnivores eat plants and animals– Scavengers eat dead organisms
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Decomposer
• A decomposer breaks down waste and dead organisms (mushrooms and bacteria)
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Food chains and Food webs• A food chain is a series of events in which one
organism eats another and gets energy
• A food web is made of many food chains put together.
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Energy Pyramid
• A diagram called an energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web.
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Create a food web
• Follow the directions on your worksheet to cut and paste the producers, consumers, and decomposers.
• Draw lines showing the flow of energy FROM producers TO consumers.
• Don’t forget to include the sun!
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Section 4: Interactions Among Living Things
• Every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions.
• An adaptation is a behavior or physical characteristic that allow organisms to be successful
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Predation
• An interaction in which one organism kills another for food is called predation.– The organism that does the killing is the predator.– The organism that is killed is the prey.
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3 Types of Symbiosis
• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.
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3 Types of Symbiosis
• 1. A relationship in which both species benefit is called mutualism. (saguaro and bat)
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3 Types of Symbiosis
• 2. A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not affected is commensalism (hawk and saguaro)
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3 Types of Symbiosis
• 3. Parasitism involves one organism living on or inside another organism and harming it.– The organism that benefits is the parasite (tick)– The organism it lives on is the host (dog)
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Create a food web
• You will be assigned an ecosystem.• Look at the animals and plants included.• Draw a food web showing how they are
connected.• Draw lines showing the flow of energy.• Include the sun and decomposers.
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Section 5: Cycles of Matter
• Matter in an ecosystem is transferred from one organism to another and to the environment in a cycle.
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Water Cycle
• The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up the water cycle.
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The Carbon Cycle
• Plants use carbon dioxide gas to make sugar and oxygen.
• Animals use oxygen and sugar to make carbon dioxide gas.
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The Oxygen Cycle
• Plants make oxygen through photosynthesis.
• Animals use oxygen when they breathe and move.
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The Nitrogen Cycle• In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the
air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air.
• The process of changing free nitrogen into a useable form of nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation and is done by bacteria.
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Illustrate the cycles 4 square
• Using your notes and the textbook for guidance, create a 4 square showing the following cycles:– Water– Carbon – Oxygen– Nitrogen
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Section 6: Changes in Communities
• The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called succession.
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Primary Succession• Primary succession is the series of changes
that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist. (volcanic eruption)
• The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.
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Secondary Succession
• Secondary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist (forest fire).
![Page 42: Chapter 10 Ecosystems.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1afe7f8b9ab059985943/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Succession Video
• Write down 10 facts you learned (or already knew) while watching this video.
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Chapter 10 Review
• Write and answer questions 1-10 on page 429• Complete the questions on the back of the
worksheet.
• Answer questions 11-25 on page 430. PQA and do these in your notebooks.