Chapter 10 Congress. Section 1 The National Legislature Objectives How is the lawmaking function...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Congress. Section 1 The National Legislature Objectives How is the lawmaking function...
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Chapter 10
Congress
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Section 1
The National Legislature
ObjectivesHow is the lawmaking
function central to democracy
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Major Function
•To make laws
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Bicameralism
•Legislature made of 2 houses
•Each state represented equally in the senate
•Each state represented in house by population
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Terms
•Each term of Congress lasts 2 years
•Numbered consecutively (108th)
•Each term starts Jan. 3, at noon following the congressional elections
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Sessions
•2 sessions to each term•1 each year•Adjourned when congress
sees fit, in session most of the year
•Neither house may adjourn w/o the consent of the other
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Special Sessions
•Called by the President to deal with pressing issues
•Last special session was in 1948
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Section 2
House of Representatives
Representative John Shimkus
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Size
•435 members, set by Congress
•Seats apportioned among the states on basis of population
•Each state guaranteed at least 1 seat in the House, regardless of population
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•American territories each send a delegate to represent them, but are not members of the House
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Terms
•2 years•No limit on number of
terms they can serve
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Reapportionment
•Redistribution of seats following the census
•At first House had 65 seats, grew to 435 by 1920
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•1929 Congress set number of seats at 435 permanently
•Census Bureau determines how many seats each state has
•Each seat in the House today represents about 620,000 people
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Elections
•Congressional elections held on same day in every state
•Party in power typically looses seats in off-year elections
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•Members elected either by:–Single-member districts (one representative per district)
–At-large (from state as a whole)
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•States responsible for drawing of congressional districts provided that district is:–Contiguous–Compact –Equal in population
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•Historically most states have been divided on rural vs. urban basis, rural being over-represented
•Supreme Court decisions ended this practice
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•Westbury vs. Sanders –Population differences unconstitutional
•Reynolds vs. Sims–One person, one vote–All congressional districts should be equal
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Qualifications
•Members of House must be;–25 years old–Citizen of U.S. for 7 years
– Inhabitant of state elected to
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•House judges election returns and qualifications of members
•May punish members for disorderly behavior
•May expel members with 2/3 vote
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Section 3
The Senate
Dick Durbin
Roland Burris
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Election
•2 senators from each state•Originally chosen by state
legislatures•17th Amendment (1913)
called for direct election of senators by the voters
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Terms
•6 year terms, no term limits•Staggered – 1/3 elected each
congressional election•Called a continuous body,
because all seats never up for reelection at one time
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•6 year term intended to make senators less subject to public pressure
•Senators are supposed to focus on national interests
•Senators are seen as more powerful than House members
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Qualifications
•30 years old•Citizen for 9 years• Inhabitant of state elected
to•Senate may judge
qualifications and exclude a member-elect
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•May punish members for disorderly conduct
•May expel members by 2/3 vote
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Major DifferencesHouse Senate
•435 members•2 year term•Elected from
districts•25 years old
to qualify•Less prestige
•100 members•6 year term•Elected from
entire state•30 years old
to qualify•More prestige
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Section 4
Members
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Backgrounds
•Not an accurate cross-section of Americans
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Most members of Congress are:
•White•Male•Married•Protestant•Upper-
middle class•College
grads
•Born in the state they represent
•Have considerable political experience
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Duties of the Job
•Legislator–Makes laws
•Committee member–Screens bills–Oversees executive branch enforcement of laws
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•Constituent Representative–Votes as constituents want
•Constituent Servant–Does favors for citizens
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•Politician–Keeps in touch with party leaders and constituents back home
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Voting Options
•Trustee–Looks at merit of bill;–Votes based on judgment and conscience
•Delegate–Votes based on how the people back home would vote
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•Partisan–Votes with loyalty toward party
•Politico–Balances several factors
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Compensation
•Salary–As of Jan. 2002, each member of Congress gets a base pay of $150,000
–Leadership positions get extra compensation
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•Non-salary (fringe benefits)–Tax deduction to help keep 2 houses
–Travel allowance–Life and health insurance–Generous pension
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–Medical care at military hospital
–Allowances for staff–Franking privilege–Free parking–Restaurant, health club
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Privileges
•Congressional immunity –Cannot be arrested while attending Congress, unless for treason, felony, or breach of the peace
–Protects them from arrest for non-criminal offenses
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•Speech and Debate Clause–Protects members from being sued for what they say during Congressional business
–Protects freedom of legislative debate