3D Technology in Schools Dr. Lesia Lennex Morehead State University Morehead, KY USA.
Chapter 10: Cities and Urbanization Holly Barcus Morehead State University
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Transcript of Chapter 10: Cities and Urbanization Holly Barcus Morehead State University
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Chapter 10: Cities and Urbanization
Holly Barcus
Morehead State University
Introduction to GeographyPeople, Places, and Environment, 6e
Carl DahlmanWilliam H. Renwick
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Defining Concepts
• Hinterland– Provide services/draws resources
• Incorporation– Defining city territory
• Primate cities– Large city with majority of national population
• Urbanization– Concentrating population in cities
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Urban Geography
• Three important topics– Urban functions and roles– Study of urbanization
• Different times
• Different places
– Internal patterns
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Urban Functions
• Early functions– Government centers– Protection– Agglomeration
• Economy sectors– Primary– Secondary– Tertiary
• Economic bases– Basic sector
– Non-basic sector
– Multiplier effect
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Locations of Cities
• Site factors– Characteristics of location
• Situation factors– Other cities
– Transportation/trade routes
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Central Place Theory
• Three requirements– Hinterlands divide the space completely
– Hinterlands are uniform shape and size
– Minimal distance between central place and furthest place
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Early Urban Societies
• Holland - 17th century– Global shipping, banking– Supported by highly productive agriculture– Pre-industrial revolution
• Britain– Occurred during industrialization– World’s first model of urbanization
• Terrible hardships• Emigration
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Urbanization Today
• Occurring rapidly– Inadequate infrastructure
– Living conditions mimic 19th century England
– Caused by deteriorating rural conditions
• Concentrates labor forces• Different from historic British experience
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Government Policies
• Used to reduce rural to urban migration
• Limit housing and jobs
• Improve rural areas
• Compulsory ruralization
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Vitality of Cities
• Positive aspects of urbanization– Informal, underground economy
– Urban immigrants are assets to growth
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Models of Urban Form
• Four models of internal patterns– Concentric zone– Sector – Multiple-nuclei– Peripheral
• Social factors• Government • Environmental concerns
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Concentric Zone Model
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CBD
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Sector Model
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Multiple Nuclei Model
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Peripheral Model
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Urban Planning
• Planning the ideal city– Howard’s Garden Cities– Le Corbusier’s Radiant Cities– Canberra, Australia
• Charter of the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM)– Codified the functions of the modern city
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Garden City
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Rayburn, New Jersey
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Brasilia, A Radiant City
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Brasilia: National Cathedral
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Brasilia, Congress
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Brasilia
•Upper left: Residential sector
•Lower left: National theater
•Below: Government ministry buildings
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Culture in Urban Models
• Contrasts to North American models– Latin America
– Western Europe
– Traditional Islamic
– Asian
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Fez, Morocco
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Latin American Model
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Growth of Suburbs
• U.S. phenomenon due to prosperity
• Early suburbs– Cultural preference for rural living– Henry Ford
• Government policies– FHA loan program– Tax incentives– Returning veterans
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Suburban Infrastructure
• Sprawl• High costs
– Energy– Commute / transportation
• Leapfrogging• Environmental
– Farmland– Green space
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Social Consequences
• Residential segregation and marketing
• Restrictive covenants
• Job movement and creation
• Commuting patterns– Rush hour
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USA changes in city size
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New Patterns
• New urbanism– Recreate small town America– Less dependence on cars
• Telecommuting
• Virtual shopping– Internet– Brick and mortar
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Central Cities Decline
• 1970-1995• Economic decline
– Spatial mismatch
• Population loss• Deteriorating housing and neighborhoods• Loss of entry level jobs
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Central Cities New Growth
• Service sector economy– Increased white collar jobs– Finance, IT, bio-tech
• Gentrification– Rediscovering urban living– Yuppies / empty nesters
• Immigrants• African Americans
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Redistribution of Jobs & Housing
• Urban enterprise zones
• Reclaiming “brownfields”
• Relocate subsidized housing
• Transportation to suburban jobs
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Governing Urban Areas
• Annexation • Incorporation
– Thwarts efforts to be annexed
• Special district governments• Ending subsidies encouraging sprawl• Tax incentives
End of Chapter 10