Chapter 10 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction. You Must Know The difference between asexual and sexual...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction. You Must Know The difference between asexual and sexual...
![Page 2: Chapter 10 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction. You Must Know The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. The role of meiosis and fertilization.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f305503460f94c4af59/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
You Must Know
• The difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.
• The role of meiosis and fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms.
• The importance of homologous chromosomes to meiosis. (There will be more on this tomorrow.)
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Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA.
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Each gene has a specific position, or locus, on a certain chromosome.
Unreplicated Chromosome Replicated Chromosome
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Asexual reproduction in two multicellular organisms
(a) Hydra (b) Redwoods
Parent
0.5 mm
Bud
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• In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents
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Figure 10.3b
Karyo
type
Pair of homologousduplicated chromosomes
Sisterchromatids
Chromosomes in a homologous pair are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters.
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• The sex chromosomes, which determine the sex of the individual, are called X and Y.
• Human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX).
• Human males have one X and one Y chromosome.
• The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called autosome
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Autosomes
Sex Chromosomes
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Somatic cells (nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes. They are diploid.
Gametes (reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) have one set of chromosomes. They are haploid.
(2n 46) (n 23)
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Figure 10.4
Key
Centromere
Pair of homologouschromosomes(one from each set)
Sister chromatidsof one duplicatedchromosome
Two nonsisterchromatids ina homologous pair
2n 6
Maternal set ofchromosomes (n 3)
Paternal set ofchromosomes (n 3)
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• In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome
is X.
• In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either X or Y.
Girl Boy
X XX
XX XY
Y
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The zygote produces somatic cells by mitosis as it develops into an adult
Haploid n=23
Diploid 2n=46
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Figure 10.5
Key
Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)
Egg (n)
Haploid gametes (n 23)
Sperm (n)
Ovary Testis
Diploidzygote(2n 46)
Mitosis anddevelopment
Multicellular diploidadults (2n 46)
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
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• Depending on the type of life cycle, either haploid or diploid cells can divide by mitosis.
• However, only diploid cells can undergo meiosis.
• The halving and doubling of chromosomes contribute to genetic variation in offspring.