Chapter 10Adjusting and Closing Entries

Recording Adjusting EntriesIn Chapter 8, we learned about adjustments. We analyzed how adjustments affect assets and expenses on the Worksheet, but we did not make the adjusting entries.

Recording Adjusting EntriesAdjustments must be

journalized so they can be posted to the general ledger accounts.

Journal entries recorded to reflect adjustments to the general ledger accounts at the end of a fiscal period are called “adjusting entries.”

Where do you make adjusting journal entries?

Adjusting entries are made in the general journal (general debit and general credit columns of a journal with special columns), on the next journal page following the page on which the last daily transactions for the month are recorded.

Recording adjusting entries

Worksheet:

Account Title

Trial Balance

Debit Credit

Adjustments

Debit Credit

Supplies $1,000 (a)$400

***(omitted)Supplies Expense

(a)$400

Recording Adjusting Entries

Journal Page 3Date Account Title Doc

No.PostRef.

General Debit Credt

Adjusting Entries

Dec. 31 Supplies Expense $400

Supplies $400

Recording Adjusting EntriesThere is no Document No., so you write the heading “Adjusting Entries” in the Journal, one time, before all of the adjusting entries that follow.

Recording Adjusting EntriesWrite the date in the left hand column.

Debits go first – debit “Supplies Expense,”

Credit “Supplies”

Post to the General Ledger

Post each Journal entry to the General Ledger accounts (Supplies and Supplies Expense).

Put the No. of the General Ledger account in the Posting Ref. column of the Journal

Posting to the General LedgerPosting the adjusting entries to the General Ledger accounts will adjust these account balances to the correct amount, as reflected on the Worksheet / financial statements.

Effect of Posting (using T-accounts)

Supplies Supplies Expense$1,000 (a)$400 (a)$400

$600(End. Bal.)

Recording adjusting entries – Prepaid Insurance

Worksheet:

Account Title

Trial Balance

Debit Credit

Adjustments

Debit Credit

PrepaidInsurance

$1,200.00 (b)$500.00

***(omitted)Insurance Expense

(b)$500.00

Recording Adjusting Entries

Journal Page 3

Date Account Title DocNo.

PostRef.

General Debit Credt

Adjusting Entries

Dec. 31 Supplies Expense $400

Supplies $400

31 Insurance Expense

$500

Prepaid Insurance

$500

Recording Adjusting EntriesWrite the date in the left hand column.

Debits go first – debit “Insurance Expense,”

Credit “Prepaid Insurance”

Effect of Posting (using T-accounts)

Prepaid Insurance Insurance Expense$1,200 (b)$500 (b)$500

$700(End. Bal.)

Recording Closing Entries

What is an Odometer?

How many does a car have?

Why?

Apply the Trip Odometer Concept to Accounting:

What would happen if you kept adding to the existing accounts in the new fiscal period?

Closing Entries (continued)

For some accounts – it is necessary to carry forward the balance from the previous period

These are permanent accounts. Exs: Cash, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable – Assets, Liabilities, and Owner’s Capital are Permanent Accounts

Closing Entries (continued)

Other accounts must be re-set to zero at the start of the new fiscal period (just like the trip odometer) – temporary accounts

Temporary Accounts: Revenue and Expense Accounts, Income Summary, Drawing Account – “REID”

Temporary AccountsTemporary accounts track changes in the owner’s capital during the fiscal period.

Easier to harvest information about activity during a fiscal period if you use temporary accounts (just like a trip odometer.)

They must be reset to zero at the end of the fiscal period (just like a trip odometer.)

Closing Entries

Journal entries made to close out temporary accounts at the end of a fiscal period and prepare them for a new fiscal period are called “closing entries.”

Closing EntriesThe closing entry re-sets the account to zero, so each fiscal period’s amounts are kept separate.

To close an account, make an entry on the opposite side, equal to the amount of the balance in the account.

Closing Entries (continued)

When you make the closing entries, the entry must have equal debits and credits.

If you credit an account to close it (e.g., expenses have a debit balance), then you must enter an equal amount of debits.

Use a temporary account called “Income Summary” to summarize the closing entries for revenue and expense accounts.

Income Summary Account

The Income Summary account:A temporary accountDoes not have a normal balance

sideThe balance (debit or credit) is

determined by the amounts posted at the end of a fiscal period

Income Summary AccountWhen revenue > expenses, there is net income, and the Income Summary account has a _________ balance (CLOR)

When revenue < expenses, there is a net loss, and the Income Summary has a __________ balance (DEAD)

Income Summary

So, if Income Summary has a credit balance, then the amount of the credit balance is the net income.

If Income Summary has a debit balance, then the amount of the debit balance is the net loss.

Income Summary – Credit Balance

Income Summary DEBIT CREDIT Total Expenses Total Revenue (Greater than Expenses – Credit Balance is Net Income)

Income Summary – Debit Balance

Income Summary DEBIT CREDIT Total Expenses Total

Revenue (Greater than Revenue – Debit Balance is a Net Loss)

4 Closing Entries:1. Entries to close Income Statement

accounts that have credit balances (Revenue / Sales);

2. Entries to close Income Statement accounts that have debit balances (Expenses);

3. An entry to record Net Income (Loss) and close the Income Summary account;

4. An entry to close the Drawing account

Example of Closing Entry – Credit Balance (Revenue / Sales)

Sales /Fees / Income 4,000 (cr)

Closing entry:

Sales/ Fees/ Income Income Summary

4,000 (dr) 4,000 4,000 (cr)

0

Before closing entry:

Debit Sales/Fees/Income, and credit Income Summary.

Example of Closing Entry – Debit Balance (Expenses)

Supplies Expense 1,000 (dr)

Closing entry:

Supplies Expense Income Summary

1,000 1,000 (cr) 1,000 (dr) 0

After adjusting entry, before closing entry:

Credit the Expense, and debit Income Summary.

Closing entry to close Income Summary (record net income / loss)

The Income Summary account balance must be reduced to zero at the end of the fiscal period (reset the trip odometer.)

What is the balance in the Income Summary account? (see slide #26)

Credit balance = Net IncomeDebit balance = Net Loss

Closing entry to close Income Summary (record net income / loss)

We learned in Chapter 9 that Net Income increases the Owner’s Capital account, while a Net Loss decreases the Owner’s Capital account.

Closing entry to close Income Summary (record net income / loss)

If you have Net Income (credit balance in Income Summary), then you debit Income Summary and credit Owner’s Capital (CLOR). This will INCREASE Owner’s Capital.

If you have a Net Loss (debit balance in Income Summary), then you crebit Income Summary and debit Owner’s Capital (CLOR). This will DECREASE Owner’s Capital.

Closing entry to close Income Summary (record net income)

Income Summary Ben Radlick, Capital

2,500(dr) 4,000(cr) 3,000(cr)

1,500(bal)

Income Summary Ben Radlick, Capital

1,500 (dr) 1,500 3,000

0 1,500(cr)

4,500(bal)

Closing entry to close Income Summary (record net loss)

Income Summary Ben Radlick, Capital

4,500(dr) 4,000(cr) 3,000(cr)

500(bal)

Income Summary Ben Radlick, Capital

500 500 (cr) 500(dr) 3,000

0 2,500(bal)

Closing entry for Drawing Account

You must reduce the Owner’s Drawing account (debit balance) to zero, so you credit it, but you must balance the credit with a debit entry -- where do you think the entry to balance it goes? Hint: it does not affect Income.

Closing entry for Drawing Account

Remember that Withdrawals are amounts that the Owner takes out of the business – they reduce the Owner’s investment in the business, so they reduce the Owner’s Capital account. The drawing account is closed directly to the Owner’s Capital account.

Closing entry for Drawing account

Ben Radlick, Drawing Ben Radlick, Capital

400 (dr) 4,500(cr)

Ben Radlick, Drawing Ben Radlick, Capital

400 400 (cr) 400(dr) 4,500

0 4,100(bal)

Closing entry for Drawing Account