Chapter 10
description
Transcript of Chapter 10
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Chapter 10 – Glass
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Glass
Hard, amorphous solid
Usually transparent
Primarily composed of silica, with various amounts of elemental oxides
Brittle
Exhibits conchoidal fracture
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Common Types
Soda-lime—used in plate and window glass, glass containers, and electric lightbulbs
Soda-lead—fine tableware and art objects
Borosilicate—heat-resistant, like Pyrex
Silica—used in chemical ware
Tempered—used in side windows of cars
Laminated—used in the windshield of most cars
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Color• Natural – slight green • Adding Manganese – clears it
• Iron & sulfur – brown bottles• Chromium – green bottles• Cobalt – blue bottles• Copper – red bottles • Silver – yellow bottles• Tin – white bottles
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Physical CharacteristicsDensity—mass divided by volume
Refractive index (RI)—the measure of light bending due to a change in velocity when traveling from one medium to another
Fractures
Color
Thickness
Fluorescence
Markings—striations, dimples, etc.
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Determination of Refractive Index
Immersion method—lower fragments into liquids whose refractive index is different
Match point—when the refractive index of the glass is equal to that of the liquid
Becke line—a halo-like glow that appears around an object immersed in a liquid. It disappears when the refractive index of the liquid matches the refractive index of the object (the match point)
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Becke Line If Becke line is inside perimeter – the
glass has a higher refractive index than the liquid
If Becke line is outside perimeter – the glass has a lower refractive index than the liquid
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Fracture PatternsRadial fracture
radiate out from the origin of the impact
begin on the opposite side of the force
Radial cracks form a right angle on the reverse side of the force
Concentric fracture
circular lines around the point of impact
begin on the same side as the force.
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Stress Marks
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Sequencing
A high-velocity projectile always leaves a wider hole at the exit side of the glass.
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Order of Events Cracks terminate at intersections with others. can be used to determine the order of events
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Glass as Evidence
Individual characteristics: if the fragments can fit together like pieces of a puzzle, the source can be considered unique