CHAPTER 1 What is Management

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CHAPTER 1

What is management?


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The word Manage is from Italian wordmaneggiare means to handleespecially to handle/or train horses.

This traces back to Latin wordmanus means hand.


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In 16th century manage wasquickly extended to operations of warand in sense of taking control, takingcharge, or directing.


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Later it became confused with Frenchwords menager means to usecarefully.

In 17th & 18th centuries the wordmanage and mnage overlapped

in usage and todays meaning ofManager is coloured by thesevariations.


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Management originally used toindicate the process for managing,training or directing.

It was first applied to sports, then tohouse-keeping and later togovernment and business. (McFarland

(1979) Management Foundations &Practice)


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MANAGEMENT AS A PROCESS

Definitions:

1. Management is therefore defined

as the process by whichmanagers create, direct,maintain and operate purposiveorganizations through

coordinated, cooperative humaneffort. (McFarland 1979)


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2. Management has been calledthe art of getting things donethrough people.


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This definition by Mary Parker Follet,calls attention to the fact thatmanagers achieve organization goalsby arranging for others to performwhatever tasks may be necessary not by performing the tasks

themselves. (James A.F.Stoner,1982, Management)


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3. Management is the process ofplanning, organizing, leading andcontrolling the efforts oforganization members andresources to achieve the statedgoals.


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M O D E L

M A N A G E M E N TP O L C

L R E O

A G A NN A D T

I N I R

N I N O

G Z G L

I I

N N

G G(Smith, Carroll, Kefales and Watson (1980 in their book Management

Making Organization Perform)


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4. Management is the process ofoptimizing human, material andfinancial contribution for theachievement of theorganizational goals. (John PearceII & Richard Robinson, Jr. 1989 in their

book titled as Management)


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5. Management is concerned withaccomplishment of objectivesthrough the efforts of otherpeople.(Mondy, Holmes and EdwinB.Plippo 1983 in their book titled asManagement: Concept and Practices)

For example: Pass courses to getMBA and then seek job.


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For this purpose, you need to dothe following:

Planning: Determine what is to beachieved

Organizing: Allocate resources

and establish means to achieve theplans / goals.

Influencing/Directing:Motivate

and lead personnel. Controlling: Compare results

achieved with the planned goals.


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Classic Definition by Henri Foyal(1916)

6. To Manage is to forecast and plan,to organize, to command, tocoordinate and to control.


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Definition by E.F.L. Brech(1957)

Management is a socialprocess the process consists of

planning, control,coordination and motivation.


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Koontz and ODonnell (1976)

Managing is an operationalprocess initially best dissected by

analyzing the managerialfunctions.

The five essential managerial

functions are: Planning, Organizing,Staffing, directing and leading andcontrolling.


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Terry (1977)

Management is a distinct processconsisting of planning, organizing,actuating and controlling performedto determine and accomplish statedobjectives by the use of humanbeings and other resources.


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Basic Resources Fundamental function Stated ObjectivesThe 6 Ms The Process of Management End Results

Men & Women

Materials

Machines

Methods

Money

Market

Planning Actuating

Organizing Controlling

Management is a process of responsibility for deploying resources to accomplish given objectives.

For given objectives, the resources are manpower physical resources i.e., material and financial.


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Terry(1977)Management as a science:

Management science is bodyof systematized knowledge

accumulated and acceptedwith reference tounderstanding of general

truths concerningmanagement.


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Management as Art:

Arts mean personal creative powerplus skill in performance.

Fulletdefines Management as an Art.


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Henry Boettinger(1975)

argues that Management is an Art.As imposition of order on chaos i.e.,Painting, Poetry requires threecomponents (i) artists vision, (ii)knowledge of craft and (iii) successfulcommunication.


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Schein (1968)argues Managementas a Profession.


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Key Characteristics

1. Professionals based their decision on

general principles e.g., praise inpublic and criticize in private.


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2. Professionals achieve professionalstatus through performance. (difficultthan lawyer or surgeon)

3. Code of Ethics for professional thatprotect client whereas no code ofEthics for Management.


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4. Borje Saxberge suggest fourthcharacteristic i.e., dedication andcommitment. According to thiscriterion, countless managers areprofessionals.


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Characteristics forunderstanding Management

1. Management is purposeful.

2. Management makes things happen.

3. Management is an activity, not aperson or group of persons.

4. Management is accomplished by,with and through efforts of others.


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5.Management is intangible.

6.Management is aided not replaced bythe computer.

7. Management has an outstandingimpact on human life.

Characteristics for understandingManagement


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Characteristics of the NewManager (Fulmer 1989)

1. An orientation towards people

2. A concern with implementation

3. Competitive spirit4. An external perspective


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5. An orientation towards systems.(Information based system)

6. Pragmatism, flexibility and ability todeal with an ambiguity.

7. An orientation towards the future.


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What Managers Do? (Stoner1982)

1. Managers work with and throughother people.

2. Managers act as channels ofcommunication.

3. Managers are responsible andaccountable.


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4. Managers balance competing goalsand set priorities.

5. Managers must think analytically andconceptually.

6. Managers are mediators.

7. Managers are politicians.


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8. Managers should develop otherpolitical skills.

9. Managers are diplomats.

10.Managers make difficult decisions.

A Manager is what manager does.


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CHAPTER 1 What is Management

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