Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.
Click here to load reader
-
Upload
roxanne-ball -
Category
Documents
-
view
258 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.
![Page 1: Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100210/5697bf861a28abf838c88199/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 1: The Scientific Chapter 1: The Scientific MethodMethod
Leaving Certificate BiologyLeaving Certificate Biology
Higher LevelHigher Level
![Page 2: Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100210/5697bf861a28abf838c88199/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Study of BiologyThe Study of Biology
• Biology is the study of living things
– Ecology
– Physiology
– Anatomy
![Page 3: Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100210/5697bf861a28abf838c88199/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method1. Observation: taking in of information received about the
natural world2. Hypothesis: an educated guess/idea based on an
observation3. Experimentation: an experiment is a test designed to
prove/disprove a hypothesis4. Collection of data: data are results obtained after
carrying out an experiment5. Conclusions: explaining the results6. Analysis: explaining new knowledge in relation to
existing knowledge7. Reporting and publishing results: describing and
releasing results to other scientists and the public8. Development of theory and principle: a theory is a
comprehensive explanation; a law is a definite, factual explanation of an important aspect of nature
![Page 4: Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100210/5697bf861a28abf838c88199/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100210/5697bf861a28abf838c88199/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Principles of ExperimentationPrinciples of Experimentation• Careful planning and design• Safety (e.g. wearing gloves and lab coat)• Experimental control: a control is a factor in an
experiment that provides a standard upon which results may be compared
• Sample size: (larger sample size gives a better representation in the results)
• Random selection: (e.g. clinical trials must include younger people as well as older)
• Replicates: a replicate is a repeat of an experiment)
• Double-blind testing: (doctor does not know who has been given an active drug)
![Page 6: Chapter 1: The Scientific Method Leaving Certificate Biology Higher Level.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100210/5697bf861a28abf838c88199/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Limitations of the Scientific MethodLimitations of the Scientific Method
1. Extent of our basic knowledge: lack of knowledge leads to inadequate hypotheses
2. Basis of investigation: lack of technology/materials/equipment
3. Interpretation of results: scientists may interpret results differently
4. Application to a changing natural world: information obtained from organisms in the past may not be valid today – they may have to be repeated
5. Accidental discovery: experiments may have gone completely “wrong” – i.e. “we did not get the desired result” or “we made an error in preparation and an unexpected result is obtained”; e.g. discovery of penicillin