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Transcript of Chapter 1 The Financial Environment. 2 Chapter Outcomes n Define finance and explain why it should...
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Chapter 1
The Financial Environment
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Chapter Outcomes
Define finance and explain why it should be studied
Describe the six principles of finance Identify characteristics of an
effective financial system Describe financial functions
performed in an effective financial system
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Chapter Outcomes(Continued)
Describe the four types of financial markets
Describe characteristics of the mortgage markets
Discuss the developments that led to the recent financial crisis
Identify several major career opportunities in finance
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What is Finance?
FINANCE:
Study of how individuals, institutions, governments, and businesses acquire, spend, and manage money and other financial assets
FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT: Encompasses the financial system, institutions, markets, and individuals that make the economy operate efficiently
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Three Areas of Finance within the Financial System
Institutions and Markets Investments Financial Management
[Note: These areas do not operate in isolation but rather interact or intersect with each other. Figure1.1 provides a graphic illustration. ]
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Finance Area Definitions
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Help the financial system operate efficiently and transfer funds from savers to investors
FINANCIAL MARKETS: Physical locations or electronic forums that facilitate the flow of funds
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Finance Area Definitions (Continued)
INVESTMENTS: Area involves sale or marketing of securities, analysis of securities, and management of investment risk
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: Involves financial planning, asset management, and fund raising decisions to enhance firm value
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Two Themes within the Finance Topic
ENTREPRENEURIAL FINANCE: Study of how growth-driven, performance-focused, early-stage firms raise funds and manage operations and assets
PERSONAL FINANCE: Study of how individuals prepare for financial emergencies, protect against premature death and the loss of property, and accumulate wealth
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Why Study Finance?
1. To make informed economic decisions2. To make informed personal and business investment decisions 3. To make informed career decisions based on a basic understanding of business finance
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Six Principles of Finance
Money has a time value Higher returns are expected for
taking on more risk Diversification of investments can
reduce risk
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Six Principles of Finance (Cont’d)
Financial markets are efficient in pricing securities
Manager and stockholder objectives may differ
Reputation matters
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1. Time Value of Money
Money in hand today is worth more than the promise of receiving the same amount of money in the future
Time value of money exists because a sum of money today could be invested and “grow” over time
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2. Risk-Return Tradeoff
Risk is the uncertainty about the outcome or payoff of an investment in the future
Rational investors would choose a riskier investment only if they feel the expected return is high enough to justify the greater risk
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3. Diversification of Investments
All investment risk is not the same Some risk can be removed or
diversified by investing in several different assets or securities
We will explore the benefits of investment diversification in Part 2 of this text
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4. Efficient Financial Markets
A financial market is “information efficient” if at any point in time the prices of securities reflect all information available to the public
When new information becomes available, prices quickly change to reflect that information
Information efficient markets provide liquidity and fair prices
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5. Management Vs. Owner Objectives
Management objectives may differ from owner objectives (called principal-agent problem)
Owners or equity investors want to maximize the returns on their investments
Managers may seek to emphasize the size of firm sales, assets, or other perks
Solution: tie manager compensation to performance measures beneficial to owners
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6. Reputation Matters!
Ethical Behavior: How an individual or organization
treats others legally, fairly, and honestly
High reputation value reflects high quality ethical behavior, so employing high ethical standards is the “right” thing to do
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Overview of the Financial System
Policy Makers President, Congress & U.S. Treasury Federal Reserve Board
Role: Pass laws & set fiscal & monetary policies
Monetary System Federal Reserve Central Bank Commercial Banking System
Role: Create & transfer money
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Overview of the Financial System
Financial Institutions Depository Institutions, Contractual Savings organizations, Securities Firms, and Finance Firms
Role: Accumulate & lend/invest savings Financial Markets
Securities Markets, Mortgage Markets, Derivatives Markets, and Currency Exchange Markets
Role: Market & facilitate transfer of financial assets
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Financial System Components and Financial Functions
MONETARY SYSTEM: Creating money Transferring moneyFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Accumulating savings Lending/investing savingsFINANCIAL MARKETS: Marketing financial assets Transferring financial assets
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Financial Markets Characteristics
Money Markets:
where debt securities with maturities of one year or less are issued/traded
Capital Markets:
where debt securities with maturities longer than one year and corporate equity securities are issued/traded
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Financial Markets Characteristic
Primary Markets:
where the initial offering/origination of debt and equity securities takes place
Secondary Markets:
where the transfer of existing bonds, mortgages, and equity securities between investors occurs
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Major Types of Financial Markets
Debt Securities Markets:
where money market securities, bonds, & mortgages are sold and traded
Equity Securities Markets:
where ownership rights in the form of stocks are initially sold and traded
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Major Types of Financial Markets
Derivative Securities Markets:
where financial contracts that derive their values from underlying securities are originated and traded
Foreign Exchange Markets:
electronic markets in which banks & traders buy and sell currencies on behalf of businesses and clients
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Mortgage Markets
Mortgage:
loan backed by real property in the form of buildings and houses
Mortgage Markets:
where mortgage loans to purchase buildings and houses are originated and traded
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Mortgage Markets
Fixed-Rate Mortgage:
fixed interest rate with a constant periodic payment over the real estate loan’s life
Adjustable-Rate Mortgage (ARM):
interest rate and periodic payments that vary with market interest rates over the real estate loan’s life
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Mortgage Markets
Securitization:
process of pooling or packaging mortgage loans into debt securities
Mortgage-Backed Security:
debt security created by pooling together a group of mortgage loans
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Mortgage Markets
Credit Rating:
indicates the expected likelihood that a borrower will pay a debt according to the terms agreed to
Credit Score:
number that indicates likelihood that a borrower will make loan payments when due
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Mortgage Markets
Prime Mortgage:
home loan made to borrower with a relatively high credit score (loan payments are likely as agreed to)
Subprime Mortgage:
home loan made to borrower with a relatively low credit score (loan payments might be missed when due)
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The 2007-09 Financial Crisis
Perfect Financial Storm:
several negative economic and financial trends/events all came together to contribute to the crisis
Housing Markets:
housing prices peaked in 2006 and then began a sharp, long decline
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The 2007-09 Financial Crisis
Stock Market Prices:
peaked in mid-2007 and declined sharply until reaching a bottom in March, 2009
Economic Activity:
economy entered a steep recession in mid-2008 and continued until mid-2009
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The 2007-09 Financial Crisis
High Debt Levels:
individuals, financial institutions, and business firms were heavily in debt
Resulting Developments:
weaker financial institutions merged, failed, or were “bailed-out” by the U.S. government
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The 2007-09 Financial Crisis
Economic Stabilization Act of 2008:
provided the U.S. Treasury to purchase up to $700 billion of troubled assets from institutions
American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009:
provided $787 billion for tax relief, appropriations, and direct spending
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Careers in Finance
Financial management Depository financial institutions Contractual savings and real
property organizations Securities markets and investment
firms
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Entry-Level Finance Positions
Financial Management Cash management analyst Capital expenditures analyst Credit analyst Financial analyst Cost analyst Tax analyst
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Entry-Level Finance Positions
Depository Financial Institutions Loan analyst Bank teller Investments research analyst
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Entry-Level Finance Positions
Contractual Savings and Real
Property Organizations Insurance agent (broker) Research analyst Real estate agent (broker) Mortgage analyst
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Entry-Level Finance Positions
Securities Markets and
Investment Firms Stock broker (account executive) Security analyst Investment banking analyst Financial planner assistant
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Plan Of Study
PART 1: INSTITUTIONS AND MARKETS focuses on the role financial markets play in the financial system and financial basics that underlie how markets operate
PART 2: INVESTMENTS focuses on the characteristics of stocks and bonds, how securities are valued, and the operations of securities markets
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Plan of Study(Continued)
PART 3: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT focuses on the financial planning, asset management, and fund raising activities that will enhance firm value
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Web Links
www.sba.gov
www.sba.gov/advo
www.federalreserve.gov
www.businessweek.com
www.treas.gov
www.careerjournal.com
www.monster.com