Slide 1

Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 1.3 Dr. Iyad F. Jafar Introduction

Slide 2

Outline Introduction History Classes of Computers Components of Computer Technology Trends Moores Law Elements of Computer Design What Will You Learn? A Sea of Change 2

Slide 3

Introduction 3 The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613 in a book called "The yong mans gleanings" by Richard Braithwait to refer to a person who carries out calculations, or computations. The use of the word has evolved to refer to a machine that carries out computations. A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations.

Slide 4

History 4 Abacus Slide Rule Mechanical Calculators AKAT-1 Analog Computer ELWAT Analog Computer

Slide 5

History Size Power Perf. Memory Price YearName(ft 3 )(watts)(adds/sec)(1996 $) 1996Pentium0.5500400,000,00016 MB$4,400 Pro 200 1981IBM PC1150240,000256 KB$4,081 1976Cray-15860,000166,000,00032 MB$8,459,712 1965PDP-88500330,0004 KB $66,071 1964IBM 6010,000500,00064 KB $4,140,257 S360/50 1951Univac 11000124,5001,90048 KB$4,996,749 2009Core 20.540018,000,000,0008 GB $500 Duo E6850 2011i7-8700.540090,000,000,00016 GB $500

Slide 6

Classes of Computers 6 Desktop computers General purpose, variety of software Largest market in dollar terms Spans low-end to high-end systems The key point in the desktop market is to optimize price-performance Server computers High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building-sized Most expensive and powerful Network based Embedded computers Hidden as components of systems Largest class of computers with widest range of applications Real-time performance is required Combine the optimal performance with cost/power limitations

Slide 7

Processor Market 7 Millions of Computers This chart does not include the low-end 8-bit and 16-bit embedded processors that are everywhere

Slide 8

Components of Computer 8 Processor Memory Devices Datapath Control Store Programs and Data Input Output Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Printer, Speaker, monitor Coordination for proper operation Information processing and flow Computer

Slide 9

Components of Computer 9 Inside the box

Slide 10

Components of Computer 10 Read Section 1.3

Slide 11

Components of Computer 11 A Motherboard

Slide 12

Components of Computer 12 Inside the Processor Cache memory Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data

Slide 13

Technology Trends 13 Increased capacity and performance Reduced cost YearTechnologyRelative performance/cost 1951Vacuum tube1 1965Transistor35 1975Integrated circuit (IC)900 1995Very large scale IC (VLSI)2,400,000 2005Ultra large scale IC (ULSI)6,200,000,000

Slide 14

Moores Law 14 Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every 18 to 24 months (exponential growth) The capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly linked to Moore's law: processing speed, memory capacity, All of these are improving at (roughly) exponential rates as wellprocessing speedmemory capacityexponential

Slide 15

Moores Law 15 SUN-4/260MIPS M/120 MIPS M2000 IBM RS6000 HP 9000/750 DEC AXP/500 IBM POWER 100 DEC Alpha 4/266 DEC Alpha 5/500 DEC Alpha 21264/600 DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 21264A/667 Intel Xeon/2000 Intel Pentium 4/3000

Slide 16

Moores Law 16 16K 64K 256K 1M 4M 16M 64M 128M 256M 512M

Slide 17

Elements of Computer Design 17 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Computer Organization Hardware Implementation All what is needed to write machine language programs that run correctly. This includes instructions, registers, memory access, I/O,. Includes the high-level aspects of a computer design; memory system, bus structure, and the internal CPU design Refers to the specifics of the machine in terms of logic and circuit design, and fabrication and packaging technology. Computer Architecture (Covers all aspects of computer design) Abstraction !

Slide 18

What Will You Learn? 18 Processor Architecture Instruction Set Architecture CPU Design Datapath Control Processor Performance

Slide 19

A Sea of Change 19 Technology is continuously changing! Will everything you learn in this course be obsolete next year? NO! (at least not everything) Basic concepts stay the same CPU/Memory interface Instruction execution Instruction sets Memory hierarchy Even the details dont change too fast Caches, Virtual memory, Pipelines all look similar to the way theyve always looked The technology changes, the concepts remain

Slide 20

The Sea of Change Section 1.6 Manufacturing the AMD Optron X4 Section 1.7 Further Reading 20