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Transcript of Chapter 1 Scientific Study of Life Cownose rays ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures.
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Chapter 1 Scientific Study of Life
Cownose rays ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures
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Section 1.1
Biology is the scientific study of life.
The Characteristics of Life
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Cells are the basic units of life. Every organism, or living individual, consists of one or more cells.
Cells use DNA to produce proteins.
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Section 1.1
How do we know these swans are alive, and this rock is not alive?
The Characteristics of Life
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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Section 1.1
All life shares five characteristics.- Organization
The Characteristics of Life
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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Section 1.1
Figure 1.2
ATOMThe smallest chemicalunit of a type of puresubstance (element).Example: Carbon atom
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1 Figure 1.2
MOLECULEA group of joined atoms.Example: DNA
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1 Figure 1.2
ORGANELLEA membrane-boundedstructure that has a specificfunction within a cell.Example: Chloroplast
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1 Figure 1.2
CELLThe fundamentalunit of life.Example: Leaf cell
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1 Figure 1.2
TISSUEA collection of specializedcells that function in acoordinated fashion.Example: Epidermis of leaf
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1 Figure 1.2
ORGANA structure consistingof tissues organized tointeract and carryout specific functions.Example: Leaf
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1
Figure 1.2
ORGAN SYSTEMOrgans connectedphysically or chemicallythat function together.Example: Abovegroundpart of a plant
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1
Figure 1.2
ORGANISMA single living individual.Example: One acacia tree
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
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Section 1.1
Figure 1.2
POPULATIONA group of the same species of organismliving in the same place and time.Example: Multiple acacia trees
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
Population: ©Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source
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Section 1.1
Figure 1.2
COMMUNITYAll populations that occupythe same region.Example: All populationsin a savanna
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
Population: ©Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source; Community: ©Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images
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Section 1.1
Figure 1.2
ECOSYSTEMThe living and nonlivingcomponents of an area.Example: The savanna
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
Population: ©Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source; Community: ©Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
Figure 1.2
BIOSPHEREThe global ecosystem;the parts of the planetand its atmospherewhere life is possible.
Population: © Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Science Source; Community: ©Daryl Balfour/Gallo Images/Getty Images; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; Biosphere: © Corbis RF
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Endothelialcell
Sheet ofendothelialcells
Capillary
EndothelialcellRed blood
cell
The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized
Emergent properties arise at each level of biological organization.
Section 1.1 Figure 1.3
The capillary has properties that its components alone lack.
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Clicker Question #1
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Organs consist of tissues. B. Populations consist of organisms.C. Molecules consist of cells. D. Organisms consist of atoms. E. Organelles consist of molecules.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Clicker Question #1
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Organs consist of tissues. B. Populations consist of organisms.C. Molecules consist of cells. D. Organisms consist of atoms. E. Organelles consist of molecules.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Clicker Question #2
Which is the best example of emergent properties?
A. Wearing glasses gives you better vision.
B. Welding metal together makes an office building.
C. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer. D. Stacking cups on top of each other makes
a plastic pyramid.E. Tying strings together makes a longer
string.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Clicker Question #2
Which is the best example of emergent properties?
A. Wearing glasses gives you better vision.
B. Welding metal together makes an office building.
C. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer. D. Stacking cups on top of each other makes
a plastic pyramid.E. Tying strings together makes a longer
string.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Section 1.1
All life shares five characteristics.- Organization ✔- Energy use
The Characteristics of Life
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife requires energy
Producers extract energyand nutrients from thenonliving environment.
Energyfromsunlight
Figure 1.4
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife requires energy
Energyfromsunlight
Heat Consumers obtainenergy and nutrients byeating other organisms.
Figure 1.4
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife requires energy
Energyfromsunlight
Heat
Decomposers are consumersthat obtain nutrients from deadorganisms and organic wastes.
HeatHeat
Figure 1.4
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife requires energy
Energyfromsunlight
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat is lost every time energy is transferred.
Heat
Figure 1.4
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Section 1.1
All life shares five characteristics.- Organization ✔- Energy use ✔- Maintenance of internal
constancy
The Characteristics of Life
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife maintains internal constancy
Homeostasis is the process by which a cell or organism maintains equilibrium.
A thermostat is an analogy for how life maintains internal constancy.
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife maintains internal constancy
Humans have an internal thermostat that helps maintain temperature homeostasis. This woman shivers and adds clothing when she feels cold.
Figure 1.5Woman shivering © Design Pics/Kristy-Anne Glubish RF; Woman drinking © John Rowley/Getty Images RF
Homeostasis is not just about temperature though. For example, organisms also fluctuate around their optimal nutrient, salt, and water balances.
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Section 1.1
All life shares five characteristics.- Organization ✔- Energy use ✔- Maintenance of internal constancy ✔
- Reproduction, growth, and development
The Characteristics of Life
.
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and develops
Reproduction is either asexual or sexual.
Figure 1.6Strawberry Plant: © Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and develops
Offspring of asexually reproducing organisms are identical to their single parent.
Figure 1.6Strawberry Plant: © Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and develops
Strawberry plants sometimes reproduce asexually. Each of these plantlets is identical to the parent plant.
Figure 1.6Strawberry Plant: © Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and develops
Asexual reproduction is a successful strategy in unchanging environments.
Figure 1.6Strawberry Plant: © Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF
Offspring of sexually reproducing organisms receive genetic material from two parents.
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and develops
Most plants and animals reproduce sexually. These young swans received genetic material from two parents.
Figure 1.6Strawberry Plant: © Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF
Sexual reproduction is successful in changing environments, since offspring are unlike either parent.
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Section 1.1
The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and develops
This plantlet and this swan both started as a single cell and have grown and developed into multicellular organisms.
Figure 1.6Strawberry Plant: © Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF
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Clicker Question #3
Which of the following statements is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation among organisms.
B. Sexual reproduction is most successful in unchanging environments.
C. Most plants reproduce only asexually. D. Asexual organisms do not actually
reproduce. E. None of these is true.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Clicker Question #3
Which of the following statements is true about reproduction?
A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation among organisms.
B. Sexual reproduction is most successful in unchanging environments.
C. Most plants reproduce only asexually. D. Asexual organisms do not actually
reproduce. E. None of these is true.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Section 1.1
All life shares five characteristics.- Organization ✔- Energy use ✔- Maintenance of internal constancy ✔- Reproduction, growth, and development ✔- Evolution
The Characteristics of Life
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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The Characteristics of LifeLife evolves
How is it that so many organisms seem perfectly suited to their environment?
Section 1.1 Figure 1.7Pygmy seahorse © Mark Webster Wwwphoteccouk/Getty Images
This pigmy seahorse blends into the coral habitat where it lives.
Seahorses that blend in best likely survive the longest and reproduce the most.
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The Characteristics of LifeLife evolves
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are most successful when antibiotics are present.
Time
Section 1.1 Figure 1.8
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Section 1.1
All life shares five characteristics.- Organization ✔- Energy use ✔- Maintenance of internal constancy ✔
- Reproduction, growth, and development ✔
- Evolution ✔
The Characteristics of Life
Swans: ©Jadranko Markoc/flickr/Getty Images RF; Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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1.1 Mastering Concepts
What are the roles of natural selection and mutations in evolution?
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Section 1.2
The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
Taxonomy is the scientific study of naming and classifying organisms.
Figure 1.9
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Section 1.2
The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
Species are broadly categorized into one of three domains.
Figure 1.9
Each domain includes one or more kingdoms.
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Section 1.2
The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
Figure 1.9
Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular.
Bacteria: © Kwangshin Kim/Science Source; Archaea: © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited
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Section 1.2
The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
Figure 1.9
Organisms in Domain Eukarya have cells with nuclei.
Amoeba: © Melba Photo Agency/PunchStock RF
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Section 1.2
The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
Figure 1.9
Organisms in Domain Eukarya have cells with nuclei.
Bee: Courtesy of The National Human Genome Research Institute
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Section 1.2
The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
Figure 1.9
Organisms in Domain Eukarya have cells with nuclei.
Mushroom: © Corbis (RF)
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Section 1.2
The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
Figure 1.9
Organisms in Domain Eukarya have cells with nuclei.
Leaf: © Photo by Keith Weller/USDA
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Clicker Question #4
How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?
A. Eukaryotes are always multicellular.B. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.C. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.D. Only eukaryotes are living organisms.E. None of these distinguish eukaryotes from
prokaryotes.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Clicker Question #4
How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?
A. Eukaryotes are always multicellular.B. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.C. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.D. Only eukaryotes are living organisms.E. None of these distinguish eukaryotes from
prokaryotes.
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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1.2 Mastering Concepts
Which kingdoms contain eukaryotic organisms?
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Section 1.3
The Scientific Method
Figure 1.10
In general, all scientific inquiry follows a standard process.
Field biologist © Patrick Landmann/Science Source
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Types of Science
Figure 1.11
Scientists test their hypotheses with discovery science or controlled experiments.
Section 1.3 Birdwatcher: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service/J&K Hollingsworth; Coffee tasters: © Corbis RF
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Section 1.3
Components of Experiments
Figure 1.11
• Independent variable: what is manipulated (e.g., type of coffee bean)
• Dependent variable: what is measured (e.g., amount of caffeine)
• Standardized variable: held constant for all subjects in an experiment (e.g., mass of beans)
Well-designed experiments include independent, dependent, and standardized variables.
Coffee tasters: © Corbis RF
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What is the dependent variable in the experiment outlined in this graph?
Clicker Question #5
A
B
C
Figure 1.12
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What is the dependent variable in the experiment outlined in this graph?
Clicker Question #5
A
B
C
Figure 1.12
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1.3 Mastering Concepts
What are the components of scientific inquiry?
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Sections 1.3 & 1.4
Scientific Theories Help Explain Observations
Figure 1.13
When Charles Darwin saw the nectar tubes on these orchids he predicted that a moth had an equally long tongue.
Orchid: © Kjell Sandved/Alamy
He based this prediction on his theory of evolution.
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Sections 1.3 & 1.4
Scientific Theories Help Explain Observations
Figure 1.14
Thirty years later, the moth was discovered.
Morgan’s Sphinx © Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden Pictures
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1.4 Mastering Concepts
What observations led Darwin and Wallace to predict the existence of a long-tongued moth in Madagascar?
Cownose rays ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures